The Paternal Geneaology of our Georgia and Ballinamallard Rollestons and Their Place Among the Greater Ralstons By Moreton (Mort) Rolleston, IV (mortmandu@rcn.com) (Last Updated: November 2025) INTRODUCTION: 1

This paper summarizes the paternal ancestry of our Rolleston family from the US State of Georgia based on known information to this point. Before this research, we only knew our ancestry back my great, great grandfather Henry “Harry” Rollestone, who emigrated to Atlanta, Georgia during the 1880s from Ballinamallard in County Fermanagh in what is now Northern Ireland. This information has been synthesized from various online sources based on my own research 1 , paid genealogical research by AncestryProGenealogists and the Ulster Historical Foundation, my Big-Y 700 and Marker 111 Y-DNA test results through FamilyTreeDNA.com, Ballinamallard historian Henry Robinson, and various members of the Ralston Y-DNA group who have been very kind in sharing their genealogical and historic research and expertise. 2 My main purpose of writing this paper is to create a “brain book” to allow me to compile, organize, and process the information I have in a coherent way to help understand it, identify remaining gaps of knowledge, and record credible leads and theories to guide further research by myself or others. This paper also enables me to provide updates of my research to my family and allows other family genealogists to review and use as well as provide comments, corrections, and additional information. It also includes some relevant historic context to better understand the information presented and/or fill information gaps in my documented genealogy. It has also served to help others do their own genealogy research in terms of suggesting methodologies, sources, considerations, process, etc. I will continue to update this “living document” as I learn more with the hope of being able to eventually complete my paternal genealogy as far back as known records allow with a high level of confidence. Text in RED are notes to myself for further research, writing, or editing or represent language being updated, but not finalized. While it would be ideal to eventually find records that clearly document every generation of my paternal ancestry, the reality is that information on some ancestors will necessarily rely on strong circumstantial evidence and/or deduction due to unavoidable record gaps. These gaps proliferate significantly as you go back in time - particularly before the 1800s when recordkeeping was not required in Ireland (at that time, the entire island was part of the United Kingdom) and those records that were kept were spotty at best and often contain errors. This paper attempts to distinguish between what is firmly documented, what is deduced with a high level of confidence based on solid information, and what is theorized with medium or low level of confidence based on available information. As always, I welcome any corrections and relevant new information from any reader of this paper. SUMMARY: 1 Most of this online research was on the following sites: ancestry.com, rootsireland.ie, http://www.igp- web.com , johngrenham.com, irishgenealogy.ie, and familysearch.org. 2 They include: Ken Rolston, Louise Hamilton (related to Samuel Roulston), Gordon Rolston, Ed Ralston, Bruce Ralston, Matt Ralston, Terry Ralston and his relative Greg Simkins, Jerald Ralston, Dr. William Roulston, Vincent Rolston, Mike Ralston, and Chuck Rolston. 2

I can currently trace my paternal Rolleston line with high confidence back to my great x 5 grandfather James Rollestone. He was born (location unknown) around 1761 (thus “James 1761”) and died in 1847 in Ballinamallard, County Fermanagh, now part of Northern Ireland. 3 My paternal lineage from James 1761 includes: James (c. 1796-1870), James (unknown dates), Henry (1850-1906), Moreton Sr. (1891-1965), Moreton Jr. (1917-2013), Moreton III (1945-present), and myself Moreton IV (1966-present). James 1796 and his son James lived their entire lives in Ballinamallard as small businessmen and shoemakers. In 1881, Henry emigrated to Atlanta, Georgia (then a small town of only 40,000) after the death of his first wife Hester Kerr to phthisis. He left two young sons in the care of his childless brother James in Ballinamallard, who was the last Rolleston to live there (the rest of the family had emigrated to Australia or the United States before James died in 1921). Henry remarried in 1889 to Mary Moreton, whose mother’s surname was Mountford (where I get my first and middle names Moreton Mountford). All four generations of descendants from Henry’s second marriage down to myself were born in the Atlanta area, making our Rollestons one of that city’s “pioneer families.” At this point, there are no known records of our Rolleston line before James 1761. My late grandfather understandably assumed we had descended from the English Rollestons of Staffordshire England (see Appendix II), who had members who emigrated to Ulster as part of the plantation system during the 1600s, but could not find any proof. However, Y-DNA matches (which prove common paternal ancestry) and analysis, when considered within the context of the research those matches have conducted on their own paternal lines, strong circumstantial evidence, and relevant historic information, provide a solid theory of where our paternal ancestors came from before James 1761 that, starting at point 2, is applicable to all Ralstons of the I-M223 haplogroup, of which our Rollestons are a part 4 : 1. Our ancestors, most likely James 1761’s father or grandfather, likely moved from the estates of the Earl of Abercorn (who were part of the Hamilton family of Scotland) around Strabane to Ballinamallard somewhere between the 1720s and 1801. This may have been facilitated when William Conolly, the Earl of Abercorn’s agent from 1692-1700, 3 To clarify relevant geography: for much of its history, the entire island of Ireland was in some way under the political control of England (via the Crown of Ireland act of 1542), Great Britain (via the Union of the Crowns in 1603), and/or the United Kingdom (via the Acts of Union of 1800) until 1922, when what is now the Republic of Ireland broke away. Thus immigrants to the United States from “Ireland” during this period covered the entire island, whether they were Irish, Ulster Scots, or something else. Ulster is the term for one of the four historical provinces of Ireland located in the northern part of the island made up of nine counties, including those relevant to the Ralstons: Fermanagh, Tyrone, Donegal, and Antrim. When the Republic of Ireland broke away in 1922, six of the Ulster counties, including Fermanagh, Tyrone, and Antrim formed Northern Ireland, which remained part of the United Kingdom. Three Ulster counties, including Donegal, became part of the Republic of Ireland. 4 A haplogroup is a genetic population group of people who share a common ancestor in the far distant past (who is designated a name such as I-M223), on either their paternal (in the case of Y-DNA) or maternal line. In our case, all Ralstons who are part of the I-M223 haplogroup share a common paternal ancestor with our Rollestons. 3

purchased the Newporton estate in Ballinamallard in 1718, directly owning it until his death in 1729 and let the land on highly coveted long and inexpensive leases. During that period, James 1761’s unknown grandfather would have been the perfect age as a young adult to be looking for such new opportunities if he was not the eldest son inheriting his father’s land. That period would have also likely provided the most new tenant leasing opportunities. However, given Sir Conolly’s family held the land through around 1760, that window of opportunity could have remained open for James 1761’s unknown father when he came of age. 2. Our ancestors very likely came over from Scotland to Ulster as part of the Ulster plantation system during the early 1600s, likely through the close association between the Ralston clan and their Hamilton neighbors outside Glasgow. Many I-M223 Ralston families have traced their earliest known paternal ancestors to the mid- to late 1700s to a small area of Ulster on or near the estates of the Earl of Abercorn along the border between Counties Tyrone and Donegal. The Earls of Abercorn were part of the powerful Hamilton family of Scotland. The Ralston clan of Scotland (see Appendix III) were neighbors of the Hamilton family and had centuries of close relationships through marriage and property transactions. When the Hamiltons became one of the primary organizers of the plantation system in Ulster during the 1600s, they likely brought one or more I-M223 Ralstons, to include our Rolleston ancestors, with them as tenants on the Abercorn estates. While speculative, given all the known I-M223 Ralstons who can document their lines back to Europe through records all trace back to the same small area in Ulster rather than Scotland (so far at least) during the early to mid-1700s and given the records of a rather large number of Ralstons living in that same area during that time, odds seem good that all Ralstons from the I-M223 haplogroup descend from the same person who emigrated from Scotland to Ulster. From Ed Ralston’s latest Y-DNA analysis from October 2025, the most recent common paternal ancestor of all I-M223 Ralstons (Mr. BY194140 from Ed’s chart below) was likely the I-M223 Ralston who originally arrived in Ulster. That analysis estimates he was likely born around 1590 and his most immediate estimated descendants were likely born during the 1620s – during the early stages of the development of the Ulster plantation system (officially started in 1608). Several Ralstons living on or near the Abercorn Estates during the 1700s per estate records are solid candidates for being among our paternal ancestors. Indeed, given when and where they lived and Scottish/Irish naming conventions, it would be reasonable to speculate that: (1) my James 1761’s father could have been the James Ralston who was a tenant on the Derrywoon estate minimally during the 1770s-80s; and (2) my James 1761’s grandfather (Mr. A7202 on Ed Ralston’s Y-DNA chart below estimated to 4

have been born around 1700) could have been the James Ralston of Donaghmore who died around 1757. Unfortunately, birth and death records were not kept during this period and while the Abercorn estate kept relatively good records overall and many still survive, they did not systematically document births and deaths and connections between fathers and sons. 3. Our ancestors likely became associated with the Ralston clan after the latter arrived with the Normans during the 1100s and adopted their surname, but were not related to the Ralston clan by blood. Per Y-DNA analysis, all Ralstons of the I-M223 Haplogroup descend from the first humans to populate the British Isles in what is now Eastern Ulster and Ayrshire and Wigtownshire in Scotland (once connected by land) after the glaciers retreated from the Ice Age about 13,000 years ago. Therefore, our ancestors were in Scotland long before the main Ralston clan arrived in Ayrshire Scotland in the 1100s with King David I and the Normans. In any case, known direct descendants of the Ralston clan come from a different Y- DNA haplogroup (R-M269) than our I-M223 Ralstons (see Appendix VI). As was common in medieval Scotland, one or more paternal ancestors of the I- M223 Ralstons likely became associated with the Ralston clan for protection, via adoption, and/or an out of wedlock birth and eventually took on the Ralston surname during the Middle Ages. LIKELY HISTORIC PATH OF MY ROLLESTON PATERNAL ANCESTORS Family genealogist Ed Ralston’s most recent Y-DNA analysis below from October 2025 shows how our Rolleston line is likely tied to the larger Ralston family of the I- M223 haplogroup and gives some more specific hints regarding our James 1761’s paternal ancestors. 5

Ed Ralston’s Y-DNA SAPP Analysis of the I-M223 Ralstons (October 2025) 6

Ed’s Y-DNA analysis suggests an unknown Mr. A7202 (born around 1700) was almost certainly my James 1761’s grandfather as well as likely being a common paternal ancestor of Thomas S. Ralston as well as both Walter and Terry Ralston. Indeed, Thomas as well as Walter/Terry appear to share a common paternal ancestor born around 1725, likely Mr. A7202’s brother and my James 1761’s uncle. In turn, this would make the earliest known paternal ancestors of Thomas S. (Joseph Davis Ralston born 1760) and Walter/Terry (John Ralston born in the early 1750s) all cousins with my James 1761. Given that Walter/Terry’s earliest known ancestors all lived in/near Strabane in County Tyrone (location of one of the estates of the Earl of Abercorn), that would suggest our ancestors (perhaps including James 1761) may also have been from Strabane before they moved to Ballinamallard. Going further back in time, Ed’s most recent Y-DNA analysis suggests with high confidence that Mr. A7202’s likely father (born around 1660) was also a paternal ancestor of new Y-DNA tester Charles Ralston. As far as I know, Charles can trace his line back to an Andrew Ralston born around 1809 in “Ireland” – though also likely also from Strabane. Going yet further back in time, Mr. A7202’s likely grandfather or possibly great grandfather (born around 1625) was the progenitor of multiple current Ralston Y- DNA testers (Lines 1B and 1C in chart above): Samuel (Louise’s ancestors), Stephen Boykin, Mitchell, Vaughn, Chuck, John, Jack, Samuel Warren, and Jim (Dr. William Roulston’s maternal side). Finally, Mr. A7202’s great (or great- great) grandfather (born around 1590) was the progenitor of all I-M223 Ralstons and, as noted above, was likely the ancestor who emigrated from Scotland to Ulster. Those potentially close Ralston tie ins are charted below by taking Ed’s Y-DNA SAPP analysis and focusing in on the sections closest to my earliest known paternal ancestor James 1761 – to include adding in likely generational gaps (assuming a generation in Ulster during the 1700s is 25-35 years per internet research). Therefore, more information learned about those closely related paternal lines to ours is likely critical to understanding our own. As discussed later, there are records of Ralstons living near where the earliest paternal ancestors of the lines above lived during the same period and going back to the beginning of the establishment of the Ulster plantations who could be some of the individuals that Y- DNA predicts in the SAPP analysis above. Unfortunately, few if any records exist during this period to confirm such speculation. See Appendix I for more details on these other Ralston and non-Ralston lines. 7

Going much further back in time, Y-DNA analysis below shows the earliest paternal ancestor of all Ralstons of the I-M223 haplogroup (Mr. BY194140) descended from an individual BY120159 born in the early 1300s, who was also the paternal ancestor of Brian Patrick Mitchell. Mr. BY120159, in turn, descended from Mr. BY61820 born in the early 1100s, who was also the paternal ancestor of Tony Yule and Robert Raymond Young. Each line adopted different surnames during the Middle Ages (surnames were not widely adopted in the Scotland Lowlands until the 16th century and until the 18th century in the Highlands). 8

The main body of this paper details:  Chapter 1: Our known paternal ancestry back to James 1761, our earliest known paternal ancestor through records  Chapter 2: Analysis and evidence regarding our paternal ancestry prior to James 1761 supporting the theory summarized above  Chapter 3: Ongoing and proposed additional research  Chapter 4: Other known Rolleston descendants of James 1761 still alive This paper’s appendices summarize: I. Other known Ralston families from the I-M223 haplogroup (with whom we share a common paternal ancestor estimated to have been born around 1590) II. My autosomal DNA test results (i.e., countries of origin) and matches sharing my last name of all variations according to Ancestry.com III. A short history of the Scottish Ralston clan (our paternal ancestors were almost certainly affiliated with them and eventually adopted the surname) IV. A short history of the English Rollestons of Staffordshire (from whom my family originally believed we descended) V. Known information regarding other Rollestons who lived in County Fermanagh during the 1800s (who may or may not be related) VI. Known Ralstons from Y-DNA haplogroups other than our I-M223 haplogroup (i.e. none are related to our Rollestons by blood) 9

CHAPTER 1 - THE KNOWN PATERNAL ANCESTRY OF OUR ROLLESTONS BASED ON EXISTING RECORDS: OUR KNOWN ROLLESTON FAMILY TREE (Source: “Moreton Rolleston” family tree posted on Ancestry.com) The following are our paternal ancestors as far back as I can determine with a high level of confidence based on existing records starting with my late grandfather: MORETON MOUNTFORD ROLLESTON, JR. (30 December 1917 – 29 August 2013). Mort Jr. (who went by the nickname “Bubba”) was born in his mother Luelle Brand’s hometown of Athens, Georgia in their family home, which is currently the Theta Chi fraternity house at the University of Georgia. 5 By the 1920 census, he was living in Atlanta, where he spent the rest of his life. Mort Jr. obtained his law degree from Emory University and married Maie Queen 6 Mooney on 20 August 1941. They 5 https://www.thetachiuga.com/our-house 6 Maie’s middle name Queen refers to her Scottish Highlander MacQueen clan ancestors from the Isle of Skye. See Appendix VI for more details. 10

had two children, Moreton Mountford Rolleston III (my father) and Barrie Rolleston-Daines, who never had children. Mort Jr. spent part of World War Two as a US Navy intelligence officer and was involved in the planning of the D-Day invasion. Mort Jr. became a prominent Atlanta lawyer and co-owner of the Heart of Atlanta Motel, built in 1956 as the city’s first downtown motel and marketed as the most luxurious motel of its kind between New York, Chicago, and Miami. 7 He is most widely known for filing the Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States lawsuit on behalf of the motel challenging the Civil Rights Act of 1964 on the grounds the federal government did not have the Constitutional authority to enact the law and appealing it to the US Supreme Court, where he personally argued their case. In addition to upholding the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which was key in dismantling segregation laws in the American South, the case became a significant one for US Constitutional law as it created a precedent for the federal government to regulate various activities nationwide under the “interstate commerce clause” of the US Constitution. 8 In 1973, the Heart of Atlanta motel was sold to new owners who tore it down and built the current Atlanta Hilton downtown. Mort Jr. died in 2013 and is buried in Sandy Springs, Georgia. MORETON MOUNTFORD ROLLESTON, SR. (19 August 1891- 8 August 1965). Mort Sr., my great grandfather, was named after the surnames of his mother’s English parents (Alfred Moreton and Elizabeth Mountford). He married Luelle Winn Brand on 21 December 1915 in Athens, Georgia. 9 Luelle was the daughter of Judge 7 Harold H. Martin, Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events, 1940s-1970s, Volume III (Atlanta: University of Georgia Press, 1969), p. 247. 8 While numerous articles have been written about the Heart of Atlanta Motel case, for perhaps the most detailed account, see Richard C. Cortner, Civil Rights and Public Accommodations: The Heart of Atlanta Motel and McClung Cases (University Press of Kansas, 2001). 9 Their marriage certificate is at: https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-C9BY-Z98Q-C? cc=1927197&personaUrl=%2Fark%3A%2F61903%2F1%3A1%3AQ289-RS74 . 11

Charles Hillyer Brand from Loganville, Georgia. Judge Brand led a distinguished judicial and political career, to include stints in the Georgia Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives, and as Solicitor General and Judge of the Superior Courts of the Western Judicial Circuit. 10 An article about Mort Sr.’s wedding says he worked at Atlanta National Bank at the time and was “popular and prominent in the social circles of [Atlanta].” 11 Mort Sr. and Luelle had two children: Charles Hillyer Brand Rolleston in 1916 and Moreton Mountford Rolleston, Jr. (my grandfather) in 1917. At that time, according to his World War I Statement of Service Card, he lived at R.F.D. #6 Muscogee Avenue in Atlanta. MORT SR. AND HIS FIRST WIFE LUELLE WITH SONS MORT JR. AND CHARLES During World War I, Mort Sr. waived his exemption from the draft from having dependent relatives and enlisted in the Army Air Service. He took his ground course at the U.S. School of Military Aeronautics at the University of Texas, trained at Kelly Field, and was ordered to Carlestrom Field in Florida, where he was commissioned second lieutenant on 17 May 1917. 12 However, according to my father, he was involved in a plane crash in San Diego due to a malfunctioning elevator that left him seriously injured and unable to continue flying. He did not deploy overseas and was 10 H. J. Howe, History of Athens and Clarke County, The McGregor Co., Athens, GA, 1923, p. 143. 11 “Miss Luella Brand Weds Mr. Rollestone at Athens,” The Atlanta Constitution, 22 Dec 1915, p. 10. Interestingly, the article (mistakenly) says Mort Sr. was a “native of London, England, but has lived in America most of his life.” That description does, however, appear to fit Mort Sr.’s father-in-law Alfred Moreton. 12 Air Service Journal, Volume 3, July 1918, p. 34. 12

honorably discharged on 16 May 1918 according to his World War I Statement of Service Card. The 1920 US Census lists Mort Sr. as a life insurance agent living in the well known Atlanta neighborhood of Buckhead (and notes his father is from Ireland and mother from England). The obituary for his sister Maude notes he was employed at Rolls Battery & Tire in 1927. 13 By the 1930s, Mort Sr. was a trustee of the Good Samaritan clinic and vice chairman of the Atlanta chapter of the Red Cross roll call. 14 Likely in one of those roles, he directed a relief fund drive in 1936 that raised $150,000 (worth about $3.5 million today) from Atlantans to help victims of a tornado that destroyed Gainesville, Georgia, killing 200 and injuring 1,200. 15 Luelle died in 1935 at the age of 48 in Brunswick, Georgia from an illness. Mort Sr. remarried on 4 September 1936 to Lula Hester McMurray (they had no children). Multiple Atlanta City Directories from 1932 to 1956 listed him as a supervisor at Georgia Power and living at 68 Muscogee Avenue in Northwest Atlanta just southeast of Buckhead. He died in Atlanta in 1965 and is also buried at Westview Cemetery. Mort Jr.’s brother Charles Hillyard Brand Rolleston married Mildred O’Brien in 1936 and had three children Charles Brand Rolleston, Patrick O’Brien Rolleston, and Phillip Rolleston. Charles remarried in 1968 to Jean Corinne Oldfield and died in 1981 in Laguna Beach, California. Charles Brand Rolleston married twice: to Betty Baker in 1958 and later to Joy Ann Poff. Charles had two children, Robert Givens Rolleston and Cynthia Carroll Rolleston, both of Mississippi. He died in Cumming, Georgia in 1998. Patrick O’Brien Rolleston also married twice, first to Eleanor Tarver and later Regina Evans. He had five children with Eleanor: Kathy Carter of Murfreesboro, Tennessee; Cindy Keane, Henry Rolleston, and Patrick Rolleston, Jr. of Chattanooga, Tennessee; and Marie Rolleston of Greenville, Tennessee. Patrick Sr. died in 1998 and is buried in Westview Cemetery in Atlanta. Phil Rolleston married Bernadette Decker and has one son Jason, who lives in the San Francisco Bay area. Phil is a musician who still lives in Hillsboro, West Virginia. My wife Marla, sister Angela, and I finally got to meet Phil Rolleston and most of the living descendants of Patrick O’Brien for the first time in 2022. My grandfather Moreton Jr. and his brother Charles apparently had a falling out at one point that led to the two sides of the family losing contact for decades. 13 “Mrs. W.L. Treadway Funeral Wednesday,” The Atlanta Constitution, 22 June 1927, p. 12. 14 “Miss O’Brien and Mr. Rolleston Wed at Ceremony in Helflin, Ala.,” The Atlanta Constitution, 16 March 1936, p. 13. 15 Franklin M. Garrett, Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events, 1880s-1930s, Volume II (Atlanta: University of Georgia Press, 1969), p. 938. 13

NORTHERN IRELAND TODAY SHOWING WHERE BALLINAMALLARD AND STRABANE IS LOCATED VIS-À-VIS THE ABERCORN ESTATES HENRY “HARRY” ANDREW ROLLESTONE (28 April 1850 – 30 October 1906). The only clear reference of Henry’s birth year of 1850 is in The Georgia Frontier. 16 There is also a birth record in Magheracross Parish of the Church of Ireland in Ballinamallard for a Rolleston (first name illegible) born on 28 April 1850 to a father with an illegible name listed as a shoemaker that is presumably Henry’s with James (a shoemaker) as his father. 17 In addition, an 1896 Atlanta city census lists “H.A. Rollestone,” age 45, which would be consistent with 1850 as his birth year. 18 16 Jeannette Holland Austin. The Georgia Frontier: Revolutionary War families to the mid-1800s, 2009, p. 290. 17 Magheracross Church of Ireland Parish (County Fermanagh, Ireland), Parish Registers; MIC583/4, Public Records Office of Northern Ireland, Belfast, Northern Ireland. Accessed by Ancestry.com. 18 The 1896 Atlanta census with Henry Rollestone is at: https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-99CX-YXK1? i=177&cc=2765183&personaUrl=%2Fark%3A%2F61903%2F1%3A1%3AQLWQ-5GLC 14

Much of what we know about Henry is through the records of his older brother James Alexander (who signed his last name “Rollstone” in the 1901 Irish census), who was born on 13 February 1848 in Ballinamallard. James married Mary Jane Armstrong on 3 July 1877 in the same town. As of the 1901 Census, they lived in House #54 in Ballinamallard. Records show James was a wine merchant at the time of marriage in 1877, a “house agent” in the 1901 census, and a jeweler in the Ballinamallard trade directories of 1905 and 1910. He died in 1921, five years after his wife Mary. Henry married Hester Kerr in 1872 (their marriage certificate confirmed a James, a “tradesman”, as his father 19 and describes Henry as a “merchant”). Their son James Alexander was born in 1873 in Ballinamallard (whose birth certificate listed Henry as a “grocer” and the “Parish” as Trillick, presumably referring to the village of Trillick a few miles northeast of Ballinamallard in County Tyrone). 20 ***ADD JAMES ALEXANDER’S BIRTH CERTIFICATE IF I HAVE IT**** HENRY’S MARRIAGE RECORD TO HESTER KERR There is also a record of Henry briefly taking over from a James Rollestone as tenant of the Ballinamallard Townland properties 7 and 8 in 1875 until a James Rollestone (not sure if he was the same one as before or Henry’s brother James Alexander, which seems more likely as he had a shop in Ballinamallard during the early 1900s) took over as tenant the following year in 1876. 21 Indeed, sometime between the birth of their first child James Alexander in 1873 and their second child Henry Edwin in 1875, Henry and Hester moved to Birkenhead on the outskirts of Liverpool, England where he was the manager of a public house, according to 19 The record for Henry’s first marriage in Ireland to Hester Kerr is at: https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/images/marriage_returns/ marriages_1872/11296/8143772.pdf 20 It seems likely this Trillick connection is through Henry’s uncle William and cousin James, who lived there for much of the mid to late 1800s. 21 Irvinetown Union Bellanamallard E.D. Co. Fermanagh, VAL 12B/27/2A, online link at: https://apps.proni.gov.uk/Val12B/ImageResult.aspx ) . 15

Hester’s death certificate. 22 Unfortunately, Hester died on 15 October 1878 at 10 Lorne Street at age 28 of phthisis - a form of tuberculosis. 23 HESTER KERR’S DEATH CERTIFICATE Henry’s decision to immigrate to America, perhaps driven by the death of his wife, was common at that time - particularly by younger brothers who did not stand to inherit any land or tenancies. Indeed, more than ten percent of County Fermanagh emigrated during the 1880s. 24 His decision may have also been influenced by a very serious agriculture depression in the late 1870s in County Fermanagh caused by bad weather, poor harvests, and low prices driven by (mostly American) competition. 25 As was customary at the time, he crossed the Atlantic alone without his family with the likely intent to come back for them when he could afford it. Henry's two sons went to live with Henry's older brother James Alexander and wife Mary Jane, who were childless, in Ballinamallard. 26 We know this because when Henry's son Henry 22 Starting in the 1820s, many more immigrants from County Fermanagh started using Liverpool as a primary port to take ships across the Atlantic. By around 1850 (end of the potato famine), most emigrating from County Fermanagh did so through Liverpool. While Henry did not immigrate until the 1880s, it does raise an interesting question as to whether Henry had emigration to America in mind when he first moved to Liverpool. Patrick Fitzgerald, “’Farewell to Fermanagh’: Aspects of Emigration from County Fermanagh,” in Eileen M. Murphy and William J. Roulston, eds., Fermanagh History and Society (Dublin: Geography Publications, 2004), pp. 485-486, 490-492. 23 “England and Wales Death Registration Index 1837-2007,” FamilySearch (http://www.familysearch.org), Hester Rollestone died 1878 in Birkenhead Registration District, Cheshire, (Volume 8A, p. 337), accessed February 2020 by Ancestry.com. Also: General Register Office, Certified Copy of an Entry of Death, County of Chester, Birkenhead Registration District, Birkenhead Sub-district, Hester Rollestone, died 15 October 1878 in Birkenhead, registered 15 October 1878; General Register Office, Southport, England. Information read: 15 October 1878, 10 Lorne Street, Hester Rollestone,29 years of age,Wife of Henry Andrew Rollestone, a public house manager. Cause of death: phthisis, certified. Informant: H.A Rollestone, present the death, 10 Lorne Street, Birkenhead. 24 Emigration and Education Statistics, 1931, Co. Fermanagh, https://www.from-ireland.net/emigration- education-statistics-1931-fermanagh/ . More broadly, County Fermanagh’s population dropped a stunning forty percent between 1851 (after the potato famine) and 1911. Patrick Fitzgerald, “’Farewell to Fermanagh’: Aspects of Emigration from County Fermanagh,” in Eileen M. Murphy and William J. Roulston, eds., Fermanagh History and Society (Dublin: Geography Publications, 2004), p. 492. 25 Frank Thompson, “The Land War in County Fermanagh,” in Eileen M. Murphy and William J. Roulston, eds., Fermanagh History and Society (Dublin: Geography Publications, 2004), p. 288. 26 James Alexander and wife Mary Jane lived out their lives in Ballinamallard with Mary Jane first passing away in 1915 and James Alexander in 1921. At different parts of his life, records show James Alexander was a house agent, jeweler, or wine merchant. 16

Edwin died young, also of phthisis, Mary Jane was listed as the witness on the death certificate as his father Henry was in America at that point. 27 HENRY EDWIN’S DEATH CERTIFICATE It is unknown why Henry chose to emigrate to Atlanta, as there is no known indication he already had close family or contacts there, or anywhere in America for that matter (his cousins who emigrated to New York did so twenty years after Henry). However, it is interesting that I have a Y-DNA match (which proves a common paternal ancestor with us) with a David L. Ralston, whose ancestors (as discussed more in Appendix I) had moved to northern Georgia by the early 1800s. It is unclear how closely David L.’s Ralstons were related to our ancestors or if Henry knew (of) them at all. Indeed, only about five percent of immigrants to the United States ventured into the American South during this period. 28 The vast majority who entered the United States overall were European peasants whose land could no longer sustain them. Most arrived in New York or other northeastern ports penniless and either remained within immigrant ghettos in those cities or, if they could afford to and had enough ambition, headed to the Midwest and beyond where cheap rich farmland and transportation options were widely available. By contrast, by the 1880s, most of the good farmland in the American South was already taken by the established cotton-based plantation system. In addition, the railroad system in the South was just coming back online by the 1880s after being mostly destroyed during the US Civil War, making transportation there expensive and difficult. The South also had a poor reputation both in the North as well as Europe for having a harsh climate, disorderly society, low wages, bad housing and roads, and few schools and churches. Many immigrants also believed they would face stiff competition from recently freed African-American labor. And many peasants who at least had their own land in Europe did not want to give up their independence to provide cheap labor for planters. They also often saw a quicker route to success in urban areas. 29 This paltry level of immigration to the South was reflected in immigration figures of the period for Georgia and Atlanta. Between 1860-1880, Georgia only attracted 27 Irvinestown Superintendent Registrar’s District, Irvinestown No. 2 Registrar’s District, Death Register, 1882, Henry Edwin Rollestone died 7 April 1882 in Ballinamallard; digital image, “Civil Records,” Irish Genealogy (https://www.irishgenealogy.ie), accessed April 2020 by Ancestry.com. 28 Walter L. Fleming, “Immigration to the Southern States,” Political Science Quarterly XX (1905), 276, cited in Ann Fonvielle, “Immigration Patterns in Atlanta, 1880 and 1896,” a Ph.D. thesis paper for Emory University completed 15 May 1969. 29 Ann Fonvielle, “Immigration Patterns in Atlanta, 1880 and 1896,” a Ph.D. thesis paper for Emory University completed 15 May 1969, pp. 2, 32. 17

about 36,000 immigrants and Atlanta’s immigrants only comprised less than four percent of the population in 1880, a percentage that did not increase by 1900 despite the overall wave of immigration into America during that time. 30 Given the origins of most of America’s immigrants of that time, it is not surprising nearly half of those immigrants arriving in Georgia between 1860-1880 were from “Ireland” (which in those days comprised the entire island of Ireland, to include what is now Northern Ireland and would have included the Ulster Scots, who called themselves Scots-Irish in America to distinguish themselves from the Irish Catholic immigrants). 31 Similarly, nearly a third of Atlanta’s immigrants residing there in 1880 were from Ireland. 32 More generally, many Scots-Irish in America had been flowing into the Appalachian foothills of northern Georgia throughout America’s history, and in the process created the foundation of Southern culture in America. 33 That’s not to say that the state of Georgia and white landowners did not try to lure immigrants to provide cheap low skilled labor, primarily in the fields. For decades after the Civil War, some local legislators and business leaders who, like many local whites, regarded the recently freed African Americans as undesirable or unproductive workers, attempted to persuade Europeans to move there (an effort that largely failed). 34 By contrast, a study of Atlanta’s immigrants during this period shows that a vast majority held jobs that were largely equal to most of the resident white Americans: skilled labor, shopkeepers, etc. It also found that virtually all the immigrants to Atlanta during this period arrived in America in New York (primarily, like our Henry), Baltimore, Boston, or Philadelphia and thus had to travel over 1,000 miles after arriving to get to Atlanta. The study therefore surmised that most, if not all, of the immigrants who settled in Atlanta during this period were likely a “highly selective portion” who could afford the cost to venture so far from the Northeastern cities and also likely possessed significant ambition and perhaps knowledge of the opportunities the rapidly growing city of Atlanta offered at that time. 35 30 Robert M. Adelman and Charles Jaret, “The Past and Present of Immigration in Atlanta,” American Sociological Association Footnotes, May/June 2010 Issue (Vol 38, Issue 5): www.asanet.org/sites/defual/fiiles/savvy/footnotes/mayjun10/am_050610.html 31 America’s Great Migration Stories: Georgia Migration Patterns 1850-2014: https://depts.washington.edu/moving1/Georgia.shtml 32 Ann Fonvielle, “Immigration Patterns in Atlanta, 1880 and 1896,” a Ph.D. thesis paper for Emory University completed 15 May 1969, 42. 33 In 1850, approximately a quarter of Georgia’s population of a half million originally came from South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia – many of them of Scots-Irish descent whose ancestors had originally settled in Pennsylvania. Orville A. Park, “The Georgia Scotch-Irish,” The Georgia Historical Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 2 (June 1928), pp. 120, 129. Link at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40575951?read-now=1&seq=6#page_scan_tab_contents 34 Marni Davis, “Immigrant Atlanta: How Newcomers Have Enriched the City,” 1 December 2015. Link at: https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/december-2015/ immigrant-atlanta-how-newcomers-have-enriched-the-city . Also, Kenneth Coleman, ed. A History of Georgia (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1977), 225-226. 35 Ann Fonvielle, “Immigration Patterns in Atlanta, 1880 and 1896,” a Ph.D. thesis paper for Emory University completed 15 May 1969, 32, 36. 18

Atlanta was one of the few southern cities that experienced immediate economic growth despite the devastation of the US Civil War. Between the US Civil War and 1910, Atlanta’s population exploded from 10,000 to over half a million in its metropolitan area, creating a large demand for labor. 36 Historians credit Atlanta’s remarkable rise to a combination of factors: its railroad hub, its location near many farmers not part of the traditional plantation system that was devastated by the US Civil War, its very entrepreneurial culture and reputation, its proactive courting of outside “Yankee” investment, the relocation of the capital of Georgia there in 1868, and its development of the largest cotton factory in the South. Atlanta’s rapid postwar recovery in a part of the country that suffered economically for decades after the Civil War created a “phoenix-like rise from the ashes” image that lured “every man, young or old, who had $100 or more to invest…[like] the pilgrims to Mecca or Jerusalem… and a constant stream of adventurers.” 37 The explosion of commerce in Atlanta during this period was fueled by the pent up demand that built up during the Civil War, when store shelves were mostly empty. Local storeowners, hobbled in part from the lack of easy credit after the war, could not meet the demand and the resulting vacuum attracted extensive interest from northern suppliers, who were often eager to provide credit to southern merchants. And while local railroads and manufacturing were rebuilding, they required a lot more time and capital. By contrast, dry goods and groceries did not and they exploded in number, greatly aided by the huge local railroad network, and very soon far outnumbered the number of such stores that existed before the Civil War. Clerking quickly became the most popular ideal job for young men looking for a good livelihood. And while the financial panic of 1873 created an economic depression that lasted until 1879, the 1880s saw an economic boom and Atlanta reaped benefits from the ongoing industrial revolution. 38 As previously noted, Henry Rollestone was part of a middle class small business family in Ballinamallard as opposed to a peasant farmer like most Scots-Irish immigrants. Therefore, it would make sense he probably was not attracted to work in the low skilled labor jobs in the factories of the already overcrowded East Coast. Instead, he may have been attracted to the small business opportunities Atlanta presented at that time and had the means and ambition necessary to make that happen. But that is all speculation. There is some question about what year Henry immigrated to Atlanta. A passenger list (see below) for the ship S.S. Germanic 39 of the White Star Line that left Londonderry (in Ulster) and arrived in New York includes laborer “Henry Rolleson.” It lists him as age 32, citizen of Ireland (again, the entire island of Ireland was part of 36 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Atlanta 37 James Michael Russell, Atlanta 1847-1890: City Building in the Old South and the New (Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 117-118. 38 Kenneth Coleman, ed., A History of Georgia (Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1977), 233-234. 39 For information on this ship: http://www.titanic-titanic.com/germanic/ . 19

the United Kingdom then), intending to remain in the United States, and whose “last residence” (usually reflecting the port of embarkation) was Londonderry in Ulster. The list has a poorly handwritten year that could be read as 19 April 1881 or 1886. 40 1881 would make perfect sense in terms of the timing of other known events in Henry’s life such as his employment period in Atlanta, the death of his younger son Henry Edwin in 1882 (as previously discussed) and the fact he did not show up in the England census of that year (as he had been living in Liverpool as previously noted). It would also be consistent with the age of 32 listed for Henry on the passenger list. If the year, however, was 1886 as is widely interpreted in online versions of this record, that would certainly be in time for Henry to be in Atlanta to meet and marry Mary Elizabeth Mountford Moreton (my great grandfather’s mother) in 1889. But it would seem inconsistent with other data points previously mentioned, assuming those are accurate and assuming this is not a later ship voyage after he first arrived in America. One online compilation of SS Germanic voyages states that the ship arrived in New York on 24 April in 1881 and 17 April in 1886 (the only year it arrived in New York on 19 April was in 1890). 41 While ship passenger lists are usually dated to reflect the arrival date of the ship, they do not always and it seems more likely that a ship manifest would have been dated before the arrival date (as it was in 1881) rather than after (in 1886). To confuse matters further, however, yet another source says Henry “came to Atlanta about 1876.” 42 THE S.S. GERMANIC 40 United States, Treasury Department, Customs Service, Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at New York, New York, 1820-1897, S.S. Germanic, arrived 19 April 1886, List 416, Henry Rolleson; digital image, “New York, Passenger Lists, 1820-1957,” Ancestry (http://www.ancestry.com), accessed February 2020. Record found by Ancestry.com. Link at: https://archive.org/details/passengerlistsof0493unit/page/n1061/mode/2up (page 1062). 41 A near comprehensive list of the SS Germanic’s voyages is at: https://www.norwayheritage.com/p_ship.asp?sh=germc 42 Jeannette Holland Austin. The Georgia Frontier: Revolutionary War families to the mid-1800s, 2009, p. 290. 20

THE S.S. GERMANIC PASSENGER MANIFEST WITH HENRY ROLLESTON 43 After arriving in Atlanta, Henry married Mary Moreton on 10 January 1889 44 and they had two children who survived infancy 45 : Moreton Mountford Rolleston, Sr. (named after the surnames of Mary’s English parents, Alfred Moreton and Elizabeth Mountford 46 ), and Maude Rolleston (1895-1927), 47 who married William Treadway and had a son also named William. According to an Atlanta City Directory, Henry’s family first boarded at 15 East Peters and then moved to 183 Whitehall Street (near what is now the Georgia Department of Driver Services just west of the I-20, I-75/85 interchange downtown) by the 1896 Atlanta census. 43 United States, Treasury Department, Customs Service, Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at New York, New York, 1820-1897, S.S. Germanic, arrived 19 April 1886, List 416, Henry Rolleson; digital image, “New York, Passenger Lists, 1820-1957,” Ancestry (http://www.ancestry.com), accessed February 2020. 44 Their marriage record is at: https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-LBZJ-Z52? cc=1927197&personaUrl=%2Fark%3A%2F61903%2F1%3A1%3AKXVD-ZL6 45 On Henry’s gravestone are the names of “Harry A.” with the year 1893 and “Magurette” with the year 1894. This suggests Henry and Mary had two other children who died in their infancy. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/219543443/henry-a-rolleston#view-photo=218525626 46 Mary and both of her parents were born in England (Mary in Birmingham). They immigrated to America in 1867 and moved to Atlanta around 1869 when Mary was seven. “Mrs. Rolleston Laid to Rest at West View,” Atlanta Constitution, 13 July 1924, p. 6. See Appendix VI for more details. 47 Harry A. Rolleston is listed as Maude’s father and Elizabeth Moreton as her mother in Maude’s death certificate of 20 July 1927. 21

KEELY’S STORE IN ATLANTA – WHERE HENRY WORKED FOR 25 YEARS AND THE LOCATION TODAY Henry was a department store salesman and linen department manager at John Keely's Wholesale and Retail Dry Goods and Millinery Establishment 48 for 25 years (also suggesting he arrived around 1881). 49 50 Interestingly, store owner John Keely immigrated to America from Ireland via New York when he was 19, ending up in Atlanta in 1858. He founded Keely’s store in 1869, whose business skyrocketed after he married the daughter of wealthy banker John Neal. Keely’s was one of the largest wholesale and retail dry goods companies in Atlanta, if not the entire Southeast, with 75 on staff in 1884 and a value of over $150,000 (worth over $50 million today) by the time he retired in 1888. While Mr. Keely came from a different part of Ireland than our Rollestons (born in County Wexford and lived in Dublin), he was a Protestant (suggesting he may have also been an Ulster Scot/Scots-Irish) as opposed to a typical Irish Catholic from that part of Ireland. 51 Perhaps Henry and Mr. Keely had some old world connection that drew Henry to Atlanta? Henry died tragically in 1906 when an unsecured "heavy counter" fell on him after he leaned on it at a saloon owned by Cassirer & Company at 97 Whitehall Street where he often drank. The counter crushed his leg and shocked his nervous system. His widow Mary Moreton unsuccessfully sued the saloon for negligent homicide for not securing the heavy counter despite having intoxicated people around it. The ruling was cited as precedence in Georgia for over a century that basically made intoxicated individuals responsible for their actions. 52 His death made the front page of the Atlanta newspaper as "no salesman in Atlanta was more widely known" 48 Keely’s was located on the east corner of what is now Peachtree and Martin Luther King Drive in downtown Atlanta, which is just south of Underground Atlanta and the Fulton County Government buildings. https://album.atlantahistorycenter.com/digital/collection/athpc/id/358 . Also see Wallace P. Reed, History of Atlanta, Georgia (D. Mason & Co: 1889) and Walter G. Cooper, Official History of Fulton County (W.W. Brown Publishing Co., 1934). 49 The Atlanta Georgian, Volume 1, Number 160, 30 October 1906, p. 1. https://gahistoricnewspapers.galileo.usg.edu/lccn/sn89053730/1906-10-30/ed-2/seq-1/ 50 Henry was making $1200 a year at the time of his death, the equivalent of about $38,000 today. https://cite.case.law/ga-app/3/161/ 51 James Michael Russell, Atlanta 1847-1890: City Building in the Old South and the New, Lousiana State University Press, 1988, pp. 241, 253-254. 52 For a description of this lawsuit, see: https://cite.case.law/ga-app/3/161/ . 22

according to his obituary. 53 He also worked at M. Rich and Brothers, which was next door to Keely’s. 54 Henry is buried in Westview Cemetery in Atlanta along with his wife and two children who died as infants. 55 HENRY ROLLESTON’S GRAVE ALONG WITH HIS WIFE MARY AND CHILDREN WHO DIED IN INFANCY AT WESTVIEW CEMETARY IN ATLANTA, GEORGIA 53 The Atlanta Georgian, Volume 1, Number 160, 30 October 1906, p. 1. https://gahistoricnewspapers.galileo.usg.edu/lccn/sn89053730/1906-10-30/ed-2/seq-1/ 54 “Mrs. Rolleston Laid to Rest at West View,” Atlanta Constitution, 13 July 1924, p. 6. 55 https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/107755360/h_-a_-rollestone Buried at Westview Cemetery. Memorial ID 107755360 . 23

OLD ATLANTA MAP FROM 1919 SHOWING KEELY’S 56 56 https://external-preview.redd.it/wYH76mcQoh2Tl3LR-XNhWrIt-XpCmpiqa2kyMd4UK30.jpg? auto=webp&s=75d7a02da9b404281b44a2a2e8f321ebbfd17cc1 24

Henry's son James Alexander, from his first wife Hester Kerr, eventually also immigrated to the United States in 1900 while in his late twenties to join Henry in Atlanta, arriving on the S.S. Laurentia. He also got a job as salesman at Keely’s department store (presumably through his father), where he was also well known. He married Meta Viewig in 1913 and had a son of the same name in 1914, became a naturalized US citizen in 1941, and died in 1957. James Jr. married Cleo Catherine O’Dell, had two children Dell and Tonie, and died in New Port Richey, Florida in 2005. HENRY’S SON JAMES A. ROLLESTONE’S POEM “SHAMROCKS” PUBLISHED IN THE ATLANTA GEORGIAN ON ST. PATRICK’S DAY 1908 57 57 “Real Shamrock From Erin is Worn By Rollestone,” The Atlanta Georgian, Vol. VI, No 193, 17 March 1908, p.1. This article also suggests this James Alexander had connections with someone in County Down, who sent him a bunch of shamrocks, and that he had been back to Ireland several times to visit. The only connection I am aware of my paternal ancestors to County Down is through Rebecca Anderson, the owner of the land my ancestor James Rollestone leased in Ballinamallard as discussed in an earlier footnote. Ms. Anderson had ties in County Down, where she eventually died. However, it could be as simple as this younger James Alexander first moving from Ballinamallard to County Down, which includes the large city of Belfast, for work before immigrating to America? 25

JAMES ROLLESTON (presumably born 1815-1820, death unknown). The inclusion of this James into my paternal ancestry as Henry’s father is largely speculative, but appears to be the best explanation of the available information known to this point. JAMES ALEXANDER’S MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE Henry’s marriage certificate in 1872 lists “James Rollestone,” a “tradesman,” as his father, although it does not list his mother. Henry’s brother James Alexander’s 1877 marriage certificate also lists his father as “James Rollestone,” a shoemaker, and his birth record in 1848 also lists James Rollestone, a shoemaker, as his father and Margaret as his mother. There is also record of a James Rolleston born in 1796 who died in Ballinamallard (“James 1796” - see below) who married a Margaret. Therefore, the question is whether James 1796 and his wife Margaret were Henry’s parents or grandparents. James 1796’s wife Margaret would have been in her fifties when Henry was born based on Margaret’s death certificate information on her age. As Henry was not adopted, James 1796 and Margaret were likely Henry’s grandparents. Indeed, the age difference between James 1796 and his Margaret and Henry 1850 is perfect for a generation born in the 1820s to exist in between them. While it is possible Margaret’s age on her death certificate may have been exaggerated as it was common for people at that time to not know the age of their parents when they died, it seems unlikely Margaret’s death records would have been off by so much (fifteen or twenty years). 26

BALLINAMALLARD AREA TOWNLANDS (Those with related Rollestons living there in the 1800s in RED) Two other data points suggest there may have been another James in between James 1996 and Henry 1850. First was that, as discussed later, there were three households listed with a James Rolleston as head in Griffith’s Valuation in and close to Ballinamallard in the early 1860s. While spellings of last names during this period was notoriously inconsistent as discussed elsewhere, it is interesting that there are different spellings of the surname (“Rolleston” vs “Rollestone”) between the James’s associated with these three properties in Griffith’s Valuation, possibly suggesting two different James’s were alive in Ballinamallard at this time. In addition, when the tenants of those three properties changed from James Rolleston(e) to people outside the Rolleston family in 1880, James 1796 had been dead for ten years, suggesting another younger James Rolleston may have been on those leases or perhaps took over those leases when James 1796 died. However, if a spouse could take over a lease when the other spouse died without having to change the name on the lease, that may have explained this situation as James 1796’s wife Margaret did not die until 1881. 27

The second data point suggesting an additional younger James is the documented existence of laborer John Rolleston (discussed later with James 1796) in Ballinamallard. This John does not easily fit as a child of any of James 1796's siblings, suggesting he more likely was James 1796’s child and would have been born the same period as this James I am theorizing (and thus would be his brother). One possible candidate for this missing James is a Chambers Rollestone, “a shopkeeper and prominent Orangemen,” living in Ballinamallard who regularly drank with a local Catholic priest who used to do rounds on horseback in the 1860s (a very odd and noteworthy relationship for that time between a diehard Protestant and a Catholic priest). 58 Perhaps Chambers was a nickname or middle name for one of the James Rollestons of Ballinamallard or was yet another sibling of John/son of 58 “It seems the old priest used to go to Ballinamallard and him and Rollestone used to have a drink, and then Rollestone went out [to the priest’s house at about 4 o’clock in the morning] and the cook would have a roast of beef when they went out to the house, and they sat and had more drink!” Ballinamallard Historical Society, Ballinamallard: A Place of Importance, p. 52. Henry Robinson (local historian with the Ballinamallard Historical Society) wrote me that this information came from a talk from Willie Elliot based on his personal experiences and stories he heard growing up in Ballinamallard. Mr. Elliott passed away in 2004 at age 94. 28

James 1796. Unfortunately, I have yet to find any other information about this Chambers. The most likely candidate, however, is a James Rolston listed as the father of an Elizabeth Anne Rolston born in Ballinamallard around 1837. This would make him the right age to be Henry’s father and James 1796’s son. Elizabeth Anne’s birth record said that this James was married to an Elizabeth, not Margaret (Henry’s mother’s name). Recently, however, Roulston family genealogist Louise Hamilton found the Australia immigration record of this James and Elizabeth’s other daughter Jane Rolston. Australian immigration records helpfully contain information about the parents of immigrants to that country. Jane’s record noted that her mother had died by the time she emigrated to Australia in 1854 while her father James still lived in Ballinamallard. That opens up the possibility that this James remarried with a Margaret after the death of Elizabeth and then had Henry 1850 and his brother James Alexander as their children. The timing of James and Elizabeth’s children Jane and Elizabeth Anne around 1837 and then James and Margaret’s children James Alexander and Henry in 1848-50 are consistent with this speculation. However, if James 1796’s wife Margaret was much younger than her death certificate indicates, the James listed in Jane’s immigration record to Australia was more likely James 1796, not this separate younger James, and it was James 1796 who first married an Elizabeth, had Elizabeth Anne and Jane, then remarried after Elizabeth died to a much younger Margaret and had James Alexander and Henry. That would also be consistent with the listing of Andrew as Elizabeth Anne’s “uncle” (i.e., James 1796’s brother) in the latter’s immigration record, assuming those records distinguish between an uncle and a great uncle (if this missing generation James was Elizabeth Anne’s father, then Andrew would have been her great uncle). Until I can find definitive records, the idea Elizabeth Anne’s father James was a son of James 1796 and Henry’s father seems to be the best explanation explaining the gap between James 1796 and Henry 1850 based on the available circumstantial information. JAMES ROLLESTONE (Abt. 1796 - 18 November 1870). The primary record for James 1796 himself is his death record in Ballinamallard. 59 It is noteworthy that there is no known evidence he was born in Ballinamallard (although most records of any kind during this period are sparse). James 1796’s primary connection to my great, great grandfather Henry and his brother James Alexander is through the death certificate of his wife Margaret, who died in Ballinamallard in 1881, as it lists “James A. Rollstone” (Henry’s brother) as the informant. 60 As discussed above, there 59 https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QPSP-772X 60 Irvinestown Superintendent Registrar’s District, Irvinestown Registrar’s District (County Fermanagh, Ireland), Death Register, 1881, Group I.D. 6148420, Margaret Rollestone dated 5 March 1881; digital image, “Civil Records,” IrishGenealogy.ie (https://www.irishgenealogy.ie), accessed April 2020. Margaret Rolleston died 5 March 1881 in Ballinamallard aged 85 years, shoemaker’s widow, informant James Rollestone, present at death, from Ballinamallard, cause – bronchitis, two weeks certified. Research by Ancestry.com. It is possible, however, that if the James born 1815-1820 described later, who is likely 29

is a question as to whether James 1796 was Henry’s father or grandfather, but available information suggests the latter. MARGARET’S DEATH CERTIFICATE JAMES 1796’S DEATH CERTIFICATE Per Griffith’s Primary Valuation 61 (conducted in County Fermanagh in 1862), a James Rollestone leased several small plots of land in and nearby Ballinamallard 62 , James 1796’s son and Henry 1850’s father, was also named “James Alexander” and was still alive in 1881, that Margaret’s death record is referring to James 1815-20 as the informant, not James Alexander, brother of Henry 1850. 61 Griffith’s Valuation was a boundary and land valuation survey across Ireland carried out between 1848 and 1864. Its main purpose was to determine liability to pay support of the poor and destitute within each Poor Law Union. It was a tenement survey that valued individual property separately as well as all buildings in the townlands for the first time. In the absence of surviving census records in Ireland before 1901, the valuation records often provide a reasonable substitute. Originally, the records were organized by Poor Law Union, then barony, then parish, then townland. The valuation contains heads of households only and covers both those who leased land as well as those who owned land (most Irish were renting land late into the 1800s). It has an estimated coverage of 80-90 percent of all heads of households. Besides heads of household and the immediate lessor, the original record included a map reference number, description of the tenement, the property size, the rateable (taxable) land and buildings, and total tax. The size of a holding was frequently used as a rule of thumb to depict Ireland's agricultural classes. The holder of less than five acres was labeled a "cottier or laborer.” Small farmers usually held between five and thirty acres. Larger farmers occupied more than thirty acres. Properties were measured in acres, roods, and perches. There are four roods in an acre, and in turn a rood contains 40 perches. When a tenant lived in another townland, the Instructions manual requires that his townland of residence be noted next to his name in the Occupier column. Griffith's manual defines two classes of buildings, those used for houses and those used for offices. "House" includes all buildings used permanently as dwellings and all public buildings such as houses of worship, courthouses and the like. “Office” includes factories, mills, shops and farm outbuildings such as a stable, turf shed, cow barn, corn shed, a piggery, and so forth. Sources include James R. Reilly, “Is There More in Griffith's Valuation Than Just Names?,” https://leitrim-roscommon.com/GRIFFITH/Griffiths.PDF . 62 Griffith’s Valuation in County Fermanagh lists a James Rolleston as a tenant in: (1) Drumkeen Townland/Ballinamallard Village on property #12 (which was approximately 13 acres shared with 16 other people), sections 15 a, b, and c (15a was 1.31 acres with no buildings and 15 b and c were an “island” of about 0.75 acres that together were assessed at a “rateable annual valuation of one pound, 10 30

which were part of the Newporton estate 63 , from Rebecca Anderson. 64 These are shown in the maps below. John Rollestone (likely James 1796’s brother) also leased a five acre farm a few hundred yards to the west of Ballinamallard. 65 Presumably, at least one of the James Rollestones in Griffith’s Valuation in/around Ballinamallard was James 1796. James 1796 was still alive during the Griffith’s Valuation in County Fermanagh, which occurred in 1862, while James 1761 was not. It is not clear, however, that the same James Rollestone was the head of household for all three of the Ballinamallard area properties under “James Rollestone” in Griffith’s Valuation of County Fermanagh. All those properties had a change of tenants in 1880 (perhaps due to the death of the land owner Rebecca Anderson that year), 66 ten shillings); (2) Drumrainy Townland, all of property #5 (2.075 acres with no buildings assessed at a “rateable annual valuation” of one pound, 15 shillings); and (3) Ballinamallard Townland and Village, property #3, sections 7 and 8 (an office, house, small garden, and island) paying an annual rate of one pound, 5 shillings. The General Valuation of the Rateable Property in Ireland, County Fermanagh, 1862, pp. 233-234. These are marked on the maps in this paper. Online version of Griffith’s Valuation is at: http://www.askaboutireland.ie/griffith-valuation/index.xml?action=placeSearch . Per paid research by the Ulster Historical Foundation, Drumrainy and Drumkeen were part of the Manor of Newporton and in 1718 records, James Kidney held the Ferney townland and George Capbell held the Drumrainy townland. However, those 1718 records do not list tenants. According to Valuation Revision Books at PRONI online, James Rolleston no longer leased these properties past 1880. In that year: (1) a Mrs. Armstrong became tenant of the Drumkeen Townland property #7; (2) William John Browne became tenant of the Drumrainy Townland property #5; and (3) my ancestor Henry Rollestone temporarily took over as tenant of the Ballinamallard Townland properties 7 and 8 in 1875 and then a James Rollestone (not sure the same one as before or Henry’s brother James Alexander) took over as tenant the following year in 1876, presumably when Henry left for Liverpool. In 1880, Thomas Red and William Campbell became tenants of those properties. Interestingly, a James Rollestone became tenant of Ballinamallard Townland property #6 in 1879 until it (and seemingly the other Ballinamallard properties) was “cancelled” in 1889 (https://apps.proni.gov.uk/Val12B/Search.aspx ). 63 It is interesting that the Ballinamallard Townland properties 7 and/or 8 appear to be the same location as today’s Roulstone’s Centra convenience store in Ballinamallard (picture on the cover of this paper). Also assuming this Centra store is the same company as Roulstone’s Foodstores Limited, one source lists the address of the store as 38-42 Main Street run by Roy Roulston (born 1953) and presumably his son Stuart Roulston born in 1978. If memory serves, when I visited Ballinamallard in 2021 and met local historian and resident Henry Robinson, I believe he mentioned these Roulstons were unaware of the ties of their store to our Rolleston family. It is an interesting question if this property stayed within the Rolleston or Roulston families and if there was a connection somewhere. Mr. Robinson did try to contact these Roulstons when I was there, but they were not available during our visit. Unfortunately, the same source above suggests this company was “dissolved” on August 6 2024, after our visit – while other online sources, to include google maps, suggest the Centra is still there as of 2025 with a sign suggesting the Roulston’s are still associated with it. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/NI686143 64 Rebecca Anderson was born around 1783 and died at Warrenport in County Down on 9 January 1880. She was married to a Robert Anderson, Esq., ( https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:HPLM-7FW2 ) likely the same one, a solicitor, who died 5 February, 1848 at Lowtherstown according to the Londonderry Sentinel. https://www.ancestry.co.uk/boards/localities.britisles.ireland.fer.general/433 ; The Belfast News-Letter, 14 January 1880, p.1; and https://www.cotyroneireland.com/surnames/anderson3.html . There is also a grave for a Robert Anderson in Ballinamallard who died 10 May 1787 who is likely an ancestor of Rebecca’s husband Robert (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/172957219/robert-anderson ). It is not clear whether Rebecca Anderson actually owned the land or was a middleman who leased land from a large landowner and rented to sub-tenants, a common practice at that time. 65 The land that John Rollestone (likely brother of James 1796) leased was located in the Baragh Townland, property #7. It consisted of five acres with a house on what is now Baragh Road only a few hundred yards due west off the top left corner of the James Rolleston property maps in this paper. Its annual valuation was 4 pounds, 10 shillings. John leased the land from James McCullagh at the time of Griffith’s Valuation. Online version of Griffith’s Valuation: http://www.askaboutireland.ie/griffith- valuation/index.xml?action=placeSearch . 66 This sudden change of tenancy on all the Ballinamallard properties in Griffith’s Valuation under James Rolleston in 1880 raises interesting questions. Property leases were more common in the eighteenth century. Most eighteenth-century leases that came to an end in the nineteenth century were not renewed. Instead tenants were given an annual tenancy and effectively were tenant-at-will, their only 31

years after James 1796’s death. 67 That may suggest another James Rolleston other than James 1796 was the tenant for at least some, if not all, these properties (the James Alexander Rollestone born in 1848 in Ballinamallard would only have been a child during this period). It could also mean that if James 1796 was the tenant, his wife Margaret may have taken over as tenant for the last years of her life (which ended in 1881) if such a transfer to a spouse was not recorded on official records. JAMES ROLLESTON’S LEASED PROPERTIES IN BALLINAMALLARD PER GRIFFITH’S VALUATION IN 1862 (ORIGINAL MAP SUPERIMPOSED ON CURRENT MAP) protection being the Ulster Custom of Tenant Right. This custom usually meant that a tenant would not be evicted if he paid his rent and if he left the farm, for whatever reason, he would be entitled to a sum of money from the incoming tenant which reflected the value of the farm at that time. (http://www.billmacafee.com/estates/landedestaterecords.htm ). Similarly, the law presumed that a yearly tenancy persisted unchanged from year to year; it did not expire at the end of each year but continued from year to year unless surrendered by the tenant. If the landlord wanted to change the tenancy, the landlord could do so only by going into court. Once, therefore, a yearly tenancy was established, it could be changed only by mutual consent or by litigation. (W. E. Vaughn, Landlords and Tenants in Ireland 1848-1904, Dublin: The Economic and Social History Society of Ireland, Rev. ed. 1994). If that was the case, the fact that all of James Rollestone’s leases ended in the same year in 1880 would seem to suggest that the same James Rollestone was the tenant for all the properties and that he either: (1) died; (2) could no longer pay the annual valuation; or (3) voluntarily left. But this is all speculation. 67 Irvinetown Union Bellanamallard E.D. Co. Fermanagh, VAL 12B/27/2A, online link at: https://apps.proni.gov.uk/Val12B/ImageResult.aspx ) . 32

JAMES ROLLESTON’S LEASED PROPERTIES IN BALLINAMALLARD PER GRIFFITH’S VALUATION IN 1862 (RECENT SATELLITE PHOTO) While speculative, it is likely that the laborer John Rolleston listed as the parent of Matilda Rolleston in her birth record in Ballinamallard in 1848 (along with Elizabeth as her mother) was one of James 1796’s sons. This is because by the time John was born, James 1796’s siblings had already emigrated, had children during a different period, or already had children named John. Matilda emigrated to Australia in 1875, but I have not found any information about her after that point or about any descendants. There is also a death record of a Mary Rolleston who died in Ballinamallard in 1863 at age 18 with no parents listed. Given the timeframe of her birth, odds seem good she was another child of John the laborer (i.e., Matilda’s sister) or was another child of the speculative James Rolleston discussed above. JAMES ROLLESTON (Abt. 1761- 1 January 1847). We only know of his existence through his burial record for the Magheracross Church of Ireland 68 (which say he was buried on New Year’s Day 1847 at the age of 86) and a birth record for his son (and James 1796’s likely brother) William, baptized 13 June 1801 in Ballinamallard, that lists “James Ralston” and Mary as his parents. 69 In addition to being the perfect age to be James 1796’s father, one of William’s descendants alive today, William A. Knox, is an autosomal DNA match with me, which likely confirms James 1761 is my ancestor (see below and Appendix II), something my hired Ancestry.com team also agrees with. When he died, James 1761 lived in the Ferney Townland on the southern outskirts of Ballinamallard. Unfortunately, we do not know where he was 68 http://www.igp-web.com/IGPArchives/ire/fermanagh/churches/magheracross-bur.htm 69 http://www.igp-web.com/IGPArchives/ire/fermanagh/churches/maghercross-bap.htm 33

born or his occupation. 70 There is also a burial record for his wife Mary, who also died in Ferney Townland and was buried 16 April 1840 at the age of 70 at Magheracross Church of Ireland. James 1761 may be the same James Ralston listed in an 1829 Tithe Book as a co- tenant of 9.5 acres in Drumconnis Townland just south of Ballinamallard (although this could also possibly be his son James 1796). 71 While the 1796 Flax Growers List only lists a Joseph Roulston of Drumkeeran 72 in County Fermanagh, 73 it does list multiple Ralstons in County Tyrone, including three James Ralstons from the Ardstraw, Donaghedy, and Urney Townlands 74 – all where the Abercorn Estates were located (our likely connection with the Ralstons of these estates is discussed later). Perhaps James 1761 was one of those James Ralstons and thus would have been born in County Tyrone, was still living there in 1796, and eventually moved to County Fermanagh? Records directly document or strongly suggest that James 1761 had at least three sons other than my paternal ancestor James 1796. They are briefly listed below along with their immediate families (see earlier family chart of known Ballinamallard Rollestons): 75 70 My Ancestry.com genealogist team could not find this James’ name in the freeholders’ records, meaning he likely did not have a freehold or it was less than 10 pounds. Between 1727 and 1829, Protestants with 40-shilling freeholds could vote, but from 1829 onwards, the threshold was increased to £10, stripping all those with 40-shilling freeholds of their right to vote. They also could not locate a will, probate record or a headstone. It is worth noting there is a 1762 birth record for a James Ralston in Cambelton Scotland on the Kintyre Peninsula whose father was Thomas and mother Anabel Henry. Given James is a very common name and, as described in Appendix VI, the Kintyre Ralstons were almost certainly direct relatives of the main Ralston clan and thus unrelated - odds are they are not the same person. As noted in the main text, odds seem much better than James 1761’s father was living on the Abercorn Estates. 71 The Tithe Applotment Books were compiled between 1823 and 1837 in order to determine the amount which occupiers of agricultural holdings over one acre should pay in tithes to the Church of Ireland. There is a manuscript book for almost every civil (Church of Ireland) parish in the country giving the names of occupiers of each townland, the amount of land held and the sums to be paid in tithes. Because the tithes were levied on agricultural land, urban areas are not included. Unfortunately, the books provide only the names of heads of family, not other family members. http://titheapplotmentbooks.nationalarchives.ie/search/tab/home.jsp 72 Drumkeeran is near Ederney as opposed to Ballinamallard, although the Roulstons of Ederney may have been tied to ours – see Appendix V. 73 www.failteromhat.com/flax/fermanagh.htm . 74 www.failteromhat.com/flax/tyrone.htm . 75 There are also records of a Thomas Rolston, a farmer, who married Ellen Law in the Wesleyan Chapel of Irvinestown in 1872. His brother was another farmer Andrew, who married Anne Graham and by the 1911 census lived in Aghaleague Townland near Ederney with his daughter Sydney Jane and her family, the Laws. Their father was farmer John Roulston, who Louise Hamilton thinks is the same John who married Isabella Henderson in 1835 in Kesh (near Irvinestown and Ederney in County Fermanagh). If that is correct, there are indications that a William John Rolston, whose immigration records suggest he was born around 1837 to a Thomas and Isabella Rolston and immigrated to Australia in 1863 from Ballinamallard, may have been another son of this John Roulston, suggesting this group of Roulstons was also associated with our Ballinamallard Rollestons in some way. At first, it seemed as if this John Roulston and the John Rolleston, son of James 1761 above were the same person (both born in 1820s, married to an Isabella, and having children named Andrew and Thomas). However, the birth records associated with each John’s children Andrew and Thomas show they were born in different years (the Ederney John Roulston's Andrew was born in 1843 while John 1821 of B's son Andrew was born in 1861. That remarkably suggests there were two different John Rollestons born about the same time who lived in/near Ballinamallard who both married an Isabella and both had children named Andrew and Thomas. 34

 William Rolleston (born 13 June 1801 in Ballinamallard) is the only one of these siblings with a known birth record and clearly designates James 1761 and Mary as his parents. In turn, it appears William had at least two children: o James Rolston’s (a shoemaker born 1829 in Kilskeery Parish, a few miles from Ballinamallard in County Tyrone) marriage record to Elizabeth Chambers (twenty years his junior) shows a William as his father as does his birth record, showing William Rolston and wife Mary as his parents. According to his marriage record, the records of his children’s births, his passenger list to America, and the 1901 Census, James 1829 apparently lived near or in Trillick (Kilskeery Parish) before moving to Doogary near Irvinestown. They had five known children (William James, Mary Jane, Elizabeth, Margaret, and Emily) between 1859 and 1882. Margaret and Emily both married local Knoxes (presumably related) near Irvinestown and emigrated separately to just north of New York City near West Point in the early 1900s (I have autosomal DNA ties with a descendant of Emily Rolston’s granddaughter Nancy Romans, daughter of William Henry Knox). William James and parents James and Elizabeth Chambers ended up emigrating as well together in 1908 and lived with Emily’s family per the 1915 New York census. Mary Jane ended up marrying American Akin Burdick and died in Connecticut, so she immigrated as well at some point. I have not found any information on Elizabeth Anne. o Mary Jane (born 1834 in Ballinamallard), whose birth record clearly shows William and Mary as her parents. There is also a record that William 1801’s brother Andrew (see below) sponsored both of his children Mary Jane and James Rolston (listed ages perfectly match) in Australia in 1859. This appears to confirm Andrew’s ties to William 1801 as his brother. James apparently returned to Ulster at some point as he later married Elizabeth Chambers there in 1867. Mary Jane, however, remained in Australia and married into the Hassard family, who had immigrated from County Cavan in Ireland.  John Rolston (born around 1800), whose only known record is his death record showing he died near Ballinamallard in the Cleenaghan Townland in If that is accurate, that then begs the question of how both of these Johns fit into the Ballinamallard Rolleston family. Both would almost certainly have to be a son of one off James 1761's four known sons William 1801, James 1796, John 1800, or Andrew 1801 (unless there is an additional unknown son out there). By process of elimination: Andrew already had a child John in 1827. If we assume my James 1796's wife Margaret was much younger than her death certificate suggests (discussed in this paper) and was the direct father of my Henry and brother James Alexander born around 1850, that would probably eliminate James 1796 too. That leaves William 1801 and John 1800 as the likely paternal options of these two Johns, though it is not clear which John belongs to William 1801 and John 1800. 35

1870 at age 70. He was almost certainly married to a Jane, whose death record also showed that she died in Ballinamallard in 1870 at age 70. John had at least two children: o Mary Anne Rolston (born 1837 in Ballinamallard) lists John and Jane Rolston as her parent in her birth record. Nothing more is known of her. o John Rolleston, whose death record shows he died in Cleenaghan Townland like the elder John (suggesting a tie) in 1888 at age 67. 76 Also, given his birth year of around 1821, he is the perfect age to be John 1800’s namesake son. This John 1821 married Isabella per the birth records of many of their children. Between those birth records and Australian immigration records, John and Isabella had at least seven children between 1839 and 1861: William John, Jane, James, John, Elizabeth, Thomas Henry, and Andrew. William John (in 1863 with cousin Elizabeth Anne in 1863), Jane (in 1864), James (in 1865), and Elizabeth (in 1879) all emigrated to Australia (at least some appear to have been sponsored by their stated uncle Andrew, confirming that John 1800 and Andrew 1801 were brothers). It is not known what happened to John 1821’s other children who did not emigrate to Australia. Little to nothing is also yet known on the descendants of these seven children of John 1821 except William John’s. His three daughters married into the Leddy, Potter, and Williams families in and around Sydney. Little, however, is known of his three sons.  Andrew Rolston’s marriage record in Magheracross Parish and various records in Australia show he married Margaret Eliot in 1829 in Ballinamallard, emigrated to Australia in 1839 77 , and died in 1863. 78 They had seven children, 76 One of these Johns is almost certainly the “John Rollestone” listed in Griffith’s Valuation has being a tenant on five acres of land (“property #7” on Baragh Road) in Baragh Townland just outside Ballinamallard to the northwest, as discussed later. 77 Andrew may have emigrated as part of the Bounty Immigration Scheme of 1835-1841, which was designed to boost emigration from the United Kingdom (which included all of Ireland at that time) to New South Wales in Australia. Under the Bounty Scheme, the settler who wanted workers paid the Emigrants' passages. On arrival these workers were examined by a Board appointed by the Governor and, if the Board were satisfied, the settler would be issued with a Certificate entitling him to claim the Bounty money back from the Government. Settlers in New South Wales were allowed to recruit their own workers in the U.K. Most employed agents to do so. The Government also had an Agent-General in London after 1837 and Agents in other embarkation ports. It is noteworthy Andrew emigrated before the massive migrations to Australia starting in the mid 1800s driven by the gold rush and the advent of steam ships (one out of every 50 citizens of the British Isles emigrated to New South Wales and Victoria in Australia during the 1850s). https://www.angelfire.com/al/aslc/immigration.html . For a good overview of Irish immigration to Australia, see McClaughlin, Trevor, Stephanie James, and Simon O'Reilley, "Migration to Australia Mid-nineteenth Century; Emigration from the Shirley Estate at the Time of the Famine," Clogher Record 20, no. 2 (2010): pp. 287-334. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41224136 . 78 One caution is that the death record for an Andrew Rolston in Sydney in 1863 lists his mother as Margaret rather than Mary (my James 1761’s wife per William 1801’s birth record). This disparity ideally needs to be clarified/explained. However, multiple other records appear to confirm this Andrew 1801 is the son of James 1761 and tied to the Rollestons in Ballinamallard. Andrew 1801’s wife’s name was Margaret (and thus there is the potential of a mix up on the online record between Andrew 1801 and his son Andrew who lived 1844-1886). As Andrew’s wife Margaret lived longer than Andrew 1801, she was 36

four in Ballinamallard between 1827 and 1836 (John Alexander, Margaret Eliott, James, and Jane) and three more during the 1840s after they arrived in Australia (Catherine, Andrew, and Cassy). Most of their children, in turn, were women and married into other families. Today, Andrew’s offspring are primarily among the Waddle and Boys families of Tasmania as well as the Yeend, Alexander, Silva, and Kelly families of the Sydney area. Two of Andrew’s (and Andrew’s son James’) descendants, Joy Kitto and Lynette Slingsby, are autosomal DNA matches with myself. 79  The inclusion of recently discovered Mathew Roulston as an additional son of James 1761 is somewhat speculative. He and his wife Alicia are known only through the birth records of their daughter Jane Roulston, born 1837 in the Magheracross Parish in Ballinamallard. Their residence was listed as the Drunconnis Townland just south of Ballinamallard. Given his age to be Jane’s father, he is almost certainly one of James 1761’s sons. Nothing more is known about Mathew, his wife, or Jane. See Appendix V for a description of other Rollestons who lived in County Fermanagh during the 1800s. At this point, it is unclear if they were related to our Rollestons. But odds are at least some were, particularly those who lived around Irvinestown and Ederney as opposed to those around Brookeborough and Lisnaskea, who were more likely associated with the English Rollestons, who were also involved with the Ulster plantations. CHAPTER 2: A THEORY OF OUR PATERNAL ANCESTRY PRIOR TO JAMES 1761 AND THE I-M223 RALSTONS likely the informant on Andrew 1801’s death certificate and perhaps the electronic record mistakenly put Margaret as “mother” rather than “informant?” 79 If accurate, many of Andrew Rolston’s descendants are captured in the “Johnstone Family Tree,” managed by PamelaAndre 79 on Ancestry.com. 37

At this point, there are no known records of our Rolleston line before James 1761. My late grandfather understandably assumed we had descended from the English Rollestons of Staffordshire England (see Appendix II), who had members who emigrated to Ulster as part of the plantation system during the 1600s, but could not find any proof. However, Y-DNA matches (which prove common paternal ancestry) and analysis, when considered within the context of the research those matches have conducted on their own paternal lines, strong circumstantial evidence, and relevant historic information, provide a solid theory of where our paternal ancestors came from before James 1761 that, starting at point 2, is applicable to all Ralstons of the I-M223 haplogroup 80 : 1. Our ancestors, most likely James 1761’s father or grandfather, likely moved from the estates of the Earl of Abercorn (who were part of the Hamilton family of Scotland) around Strabane to Ballinamallard somewhere between the 1720s and 1801. 2. Our ancestors very likely came over from Scotland to Ulster as part of the Ulster plantation system during the early 1600s, likely through the close association between the Ralston clan and their Hamilton neighbors outside Glasgow. 80 A haplogroup is a genetic population group of people who share a common ancestor in the far distant past (who is designated a name such as I-M223), on either their paternal (in the case of Y-DNA) or maternal line. In our case, all Ralstons who are part of the I-M223 haplogroup share a common paternal ancestor with our Rollestons. 38

3. Our ancestors were among the earliest humans to settle in the British Isles after the glaciers retreated at the end of the Ice Age. They likely became associated with the Ralston clan in Scotland after the latter arrived with the Normans during the 1100s and adopted their surname, but were not related to the Ralston clan by blood. This chapter first provides some background and context related to Y-DNA, Scottish naming conventions, and the Abercorn Estates and the Ulster Plantation System before providing the data and analysis behind each of the three points of my theory behind our Rolleston ancestry prior to James 1761. FIRST SOME BACKGROUND: Y-DNA 101: Unlike the more common autosomal DNA test that enables one to estimate ethnicity and current relatives, a Y chromosome DNA test (Y-DNA test) documents a man’s Y chromosome as it passes virtually unchanged from father to son. Therefore, by comparing one’s Y-DNA test results with others, it is possible to identify men who share common paternal ancestors at some point in the past (all of one’s Y-DNA matches share paternal ancestors with you with 100 percent accuracy) and estimate how far back in time that common ancestor lived. That becomes particularly useful when those Y-DNA matches have also conducted significant genealogical research of their own paternal ancestors. There are several levels of Y-DNA tests one can take that can provide different levels of insight (the larger the number the better). Per Ed Ralston (our Y-DNA expert from the Ralston Y-DNA Project), the different Y-DNA tests (Y-12, Y-37, Y-67, Y-111, and the Big Y-700) provide matches with other testers at the number of STR markers of the test: 12, 37, etc. For example, a match found with the Y-37 test shows that at least 31 of the 37 markers tested have a common value between the two testers. A match from the Y-111 test requires a match on 101 or more markers. The number of differences the test shows between two testers (your “genetic difference”) indicates how far back the common paternal ancestor of the two testers lived. However, while all the Y-DNA tests will demonstrate common paternal ancestry between two testers, only the Y-DNA tests of 111 markers or more (Y-111, and especially the Big Y 700) can accurately estimate how long ago the common paternal ancestor between the two testers live. Therefore, it is really important for to get a Y-DNA test of at least 111 markers, if not the Big Y 700 test, to understand where one fits within the larger family. Testers can use the same saliva samples for lower marker tests, but would have to upgrade the tests to Y-111 or Big Y 700. In the cases of any Ralston testers who cannot afford that upgrade, the Ralston 39

Y-DNA project (see below) is often willing to pay for that, especially if the tester’s results would greatly improve the knowledge of a broader Ralston family. Presumably, other family Y-DNA groups offer similar opportunities. In turn, the biggest benefit of the Big Y 700 test over the Y-111 test is that the former also provides a list of SNP values. These are different from STRs and are the basis for placing a person in haplogroups. This can often show a closer match to another person than predicted by STRs. The comparison of Y-DNA test results and genealogies between men are facilitated and coordinated within a surname DNA project. FamilyTreeDNA.com (FTDNA) sponsors various surname projects and includes a very helpful Ralston-DNA project that contains about 160 members administered by Ed Ralston, Matt Ralston, Bruce Ralston, and Ken Rolston. 81 Our Rollestons Are Part of the I-M223 Haplogroup of Ralstons As detailed in Appendix I using the Y-DNA testing and analysis process described earlier in this chapter using a sample of my own Y-DNA, our Rollestons are Y-DNA matches with over 50 other testers who are all part of the I-M223 haplogroup. A haplogroup is a genetic population group of people who share a common ancestor in the far distant past (who is designated a name such as I-M223), on either their paternal (in the case of Y-DNA) or maternal line. In our case, all Ralstons who are part of the I-M223 haplogroup share a common paternal ancestor with our with 100% certainty. Ed Ralston’s analysis of the Y-DNA results (see paper Summary or Appendix I) of these same Ralstons can also estimate more recent common paternal ancestors of certain Ralston lines, which suggest which lines are more closely related with others. This result also means we are not related to one of at least a half dozen other Ralston/Rolleston families of all spellings known through Y-DNA testing (see Appendix VI), at least by blood. As described in more detail elsewhere, it is possible that our Ralstons/Rollestons could be tied to another family by adoption, an out of wedlock birth, or were associated with a family or clan and adopted its surname when surnames were commonly adopted during the Middle Ages. Our family long believed, with good reason, we descended from the Rollestons of Staffordshire England, who also had family members emigrate to Ulster as part of the plantation system. However, Y-DNA testing seems to have disproved that. Scottish Naming Conventions Suggest James 1761’s Ancestors Likely Were Named James, John, William, Andrew, and/or Henry 81 For links: https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/ralston/about and https://ralstonproject.com/ . 40

If James 1761 and his family even partially used traditional Scottish naming conventions when he named his sons, that might provide clues to the names of his paternal ancestry:  As James 1761’s oldest son appears to be a James, that would suggest James 1761’s father’s name was also James.  As his second oldest son appears to be named John, that would suggest James 1761’s mother’s father’s name was John.  It is not clear whether William or Andrew was James 1761’s third or fourth oldest son as both were apparently born in 1801. However, assuming that James 1761’s third oldest son was not named after his father James because the first son was already named James after his father’s father, I presume the third son on were named after James 1761’s brothers. (Mirrors the traditional Irish Naming Pattern) 82 In any case, the first names of virtually all of James 1761’s male descendants in the Ballinamallard area until 1900 were either: James, John, William, Andrew, or Henry. Given that Irish families during the 1700s frequently followed these naming conventions, it is reasonable to expect that James 1761’s ancestors likely shared these common names. The Abercorn Estates and the Ulster Plantation System 82 https://scottishkin.com/the-traditional-scottish-naming-system 41

The Earl (later Duke) of Abercorn’s estates in Counties Tyrone and Donegal were part of the Ulster Plantations, the organized colonization (plantation) of Ulster by the English and Scots primarily during the reign of King James VI of Scotland and I of England in the early 1600s. The English had defeated an alliance of Gaelic chieftains in Ulster during the Nine Years' War of 1594–1603. In 1607, these chieftains left Ireland to seek Spanish help to organize a new rebellion, known as the so-called “Flight of the Earls.” King James proclaimed this action to be treason, paving the way for the forfeiture of their lands and titles. King James used the plantations to control, Anglicize, and “civilize” Gaelic Ulster, as well as sever its ties to the Gaelic Highlands of Scotland. Most of the plantation colonists came from southern Scotland (including Renwickshire and Ayrshire, homes of the Ralston estates) and northern England. This presented multiple opportunities for the Scottish Ralstons to also participate in the official Ulster plantations. 83 Each of the Ulster plantation undertakers usually brought their own tenants to Ireland, generally from their own lands or those of their neighbors and allies in Scotland. The Earls and Dukes of Abercorn were Hamiltons, a very prominent Scottish family from Renfrewshire who had very strong connections with King James (of the Stewart family) at the time and played a major role in the establishment of plantations in Ulster. 84 They were granted significant land along much of the western border of the Strabane barony of County Tyrone. 83 It is worth noting that the main source of English Rolleston descendants in Ulster, from which my family originally believed we descended, were also the Plantations. In 1610, three Rollestons (Richard – the apparent leader, Arthur, and John) received a grant of 1,000 acres that became the Manor of Teemore in County Armagh. Arthur is the progenitor of the Rollestons of Franckfort Castle (I have been fortunate enough to visit the ruins, now part of a farm in County Offaly, Ireland). Once the main line of Staffordshire Rollestons went extinct in the mid 1600s, the Franckfort Branch of Rollestons became the main English Rolleston line of descent. The Rollestons in England today primarily descend from the Swarkestone, Tanshelf, Toynton, and finally the Watnall/ Toynton Branches of the Rollestons. The Swarkestone Rollestons initially branched off the main Staffordshire line in 1370 and the Watnall/Toynton Branch did not become extinct until 1941. The Lee/Ashover and original Watnall Rollestons branched off the main line in 1325. When the Watnall Branch went extinct in 1685, all of the Watnall Estates were transferred to the Watnall/Toynton Branch by will. Ken Rolston has written several well-researched papers with details. See Appendix IV for more details. 84 For more detail about the Hamiltons who were the Earls of Abercorn, see William J. Roulston, Abercorn: The Hamiltons of Barons Court (Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 2014). 42

ULSTER PLANTATION SCHEME Various members of the Hamilton family received lands in several different parts of Ulster as part of the original plantations and they brought an estimated several hundred Scottish families to settle them. 85 Among them were five “proportions” or estates of land (1,500 to 3,000 “nominal” acres each that were more than 10,000 actual acres each) of the Strabane Barony in County Tyrone granted to several Hamilton brothers in 1610. James, later 1st Earl of Abercorn (and a key member of the Scottish Court) received the Strabane and Dunalong estates. George received the Cloghogenhall and Derrywoon estates (on which Baronscourt, which still exists today and where we stayed during our visit, was eventually built). Claude received the Killenny and Eden/Teadane estates. 86 Together they comprised virtually the entire western third of the Strabane Barony along the far western border of County Tyrone with County Donegal. Over a period of years of acquisitions, marriages, and inheritances, the Earl of Abercorn ended up with the Strabane, Dunnalong, Cloghogenhall, and Derrywoon estates. As previously noted, the final Abercorn manor of Magavlin & Lismoghry, in County Donegal, was originally granted to the Duke of Lennox (of the royal Stewart family). However, the Abercorns eventually bought those estates in 1672. 87 By 1790, the Abercorn Estates together grew to over 60,000 acres (see the map below), or a third larger than the District of 85 M. Perceval-Maxwell, The Scottish Migration to Ulster in the Reign of James I (Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 1999), pp. 215, 326. 86 Robert J. Hunter, ed., Strabane Barony During the Ulster Plantation: 1607-1641 (Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 2011), pp. 14-15. 87 For an interesting insight on these estates, see William H. Crawford, The Management of a Major Ulster Estate in the Late Eighteenth Century: The Eighth Earl of Abercorn and his Irish Agents (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2001). 43

Columbia (Washington, DC), 88 and had a combined annual rental of 20,000 pounds sterling (or about 3.2 million pounds today). 89 88 The numerous townlands containing these Abercorn estates are listed at: https://www.cotyroneireland.com/estates/abercorn_manors.html . 89 William H. Crawford, The Management of a Major Ulster Estate in the Late Eighteenth Century: The Eighth Earl of Abercorn and his Irish Agents (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2001), 4. 44

Source: William Roulston, “The Evolution of the Abercorn Estate in North West Ulster, 1610-1703,” Familia: Ulster Genealogical Review, 1999, Number 15, Ulster Genealogical & History Guild. 45

A Likely Theory of Our Paternal Line Prior to James 1761 (As Well As All Ralstons of the I-M223 Haplogroup Starting With Point 2): 1 - Our ancestors, most likely James 1761’s father or grandfather, likely moved from the estates of the Earl of Abercorn (who were part of the Hamilton family of Scotland) around Strabane to Ballinamallard somewhere between the 1720s and 1801. If our Rollestons descend from one or more of these Ralston tenants of the Abercorn Estates of County Tyrone as theorized here, it does raise the question of exactly why and when they moved to Ballinamallard, roughly 30 miles to the south. This is especially so as the mobility of tenant farmers was apparently quite low during the 1700s and earlier. 90 In terms of why : during this period, it was common for men who were not the eldest sons inheriting their father’s land or its lease to move on to look for other opportunities or marrying someone else nearby. Indeed, when one maps out (see below) the Ralstons of all spellings who lived in County Tyrone during both the 1796 Flax Growers List and the mid-1800s per the Griffith’s Valuation (granted neither are comprehensive censuses), it would suggest that Ralstons spread out over time from the former Abercorn Estates (parishes in CAPS) southwards through County Tyrone and eventually to County Fermanagh. One data point that might argue against this is that the Ulster plantations established between the Abercorn estates and Ballinamallard were all English, not Scottish, in nature. In the early years of the Ulster plantations, Scottish landlords and their agents encouraged or brought over settlers from Scotland and English landlords attracted English settlers. However, as time passed, estates were bought and sold and more unaided settlers began to arrive, the different nationalities of estates mattered less. 91 Indeed, one source notes that by the 1620s, some 40 percent of Scottish settlers lived in areas that had not originally been allocated to Scottish undertakers – many on English-owned estates or estates that had been acquired by Scots. 92 As noted later in Chapter III on proposed future research, digging into these Ralston families in County Tyrone is a priority to look for connections to our Rollestons, if they exist. 90 For an excellent analysis of tenant farmer mobility during that period in England (most, if not all, of which also applied to tenant farmers in Ireland as their systems were similar), see David R. Snead, “The Mobility of English Tenant Farmers, c. 1700-1850,” https://bahs.org.uk/AGHR/ARTICLES/51n2a4.pdf . Snead notes that “the main reasons why a successful farmer decided to relocate were because he wanted to move up the ‘agricultural ladder’, either into owner-occupation or to a larger rented farm, or move sideways to make way for a son to take over his current holding.” He also noted that most tenant changes were a result of death or retirement of the current tenant or huge disruptive events such as depressions, famines, or war or because the soil was simply too poor to farm. 91 W.A. Macafee, “The Movement of British Settlers Into Ulster During the Seventeenth Century,” Familia, 1992, p. 98. 92 https://discoverulsterscots.com/history-culture/plantation-ulster-1610-1630 46

NUMBER OF ROLLESTON/ROULSTON HOUSEHOLDS IN COUNTY TYRONE IN LATE 1700s AND MID 1800s (By Parish) Sources: 1796 Flax Growers List and Griffiths’ Valuations A cursory look at the history of County Fermanagh and Ballinamallard during the 1700s suggest a few additional speculations of what may have drawn our Rollestons there during the mid- to late 1700s: 93  First, many local Scots in County Fermanagh left during the 1700s when their tenant leases expired. 94 They had few roots in the area and their near slavery-level quality of life was not meeting their expectations. While this vacuum was mostly filled by local Irish, perhaps it also created opportunities for our Rollestons (assuming our earliest known ancestor James was associated with tenant farming)?  Second, during the 1700s, County Fermanagh was relatively prosperous compared to most in Ulster as, unlike elsewhere, its landowners actively and often effectively managed and even “loved” their estates there. Perhaps that created new opportunities there compared to remaining on or near the Abercorn estates? 93 Peadar Livingstone, The Fermanagh Story, L.W.N. Hall, Booksellers, Enniskillen, 1990), pp. 65, 121- 124, 458. 94 For an excellent overview of the tenant system in Ulster and Ireland, see: https://theninthwavenovel.wordpress.com/the-famine/historical-overview/ 47

In terms of when : we know with high confidence our Rollestons ended up in the village of Ballinamallard in the Magheracross Parish of County Fermanagh before the birth of James’ eldest son William there in 1801. But the specific timeframe of their arrival to Ballinamallard is unknown. As noted in Chapter I, we know James 1761, the earliest known Rolleston paternal ancestor of our line, died in Ballinamallard in 1847 and from the age listed on his death certificate, we know he was born around 1761. But there is no known record of where he was born. In addition, James 1761’s (not to mention his son James 1796’s) birthplace is also unknown. However, if the James Rolleston listed in the County Fermanagh Cattle Grazing List of 1770 was our ancestor (perhaps James 1761’s father), that would suggest an adult age member of our line was in County Fermanagh by 1770. Ed Ralston’s most recent SAPP Analysis of the I-M223 Ralstons may provide additional clues. It suggests that our Rollestons share the same common paternal ancestor (Mr. A7202, born around 1700) as Thomas S. Ralston, Walter Ralston, and Terry Ralston. That analysis further suggests that Thomas’s earliest known paternal ancestor Joseph David (born around 1760 in “Ireland”) and Walter/Terry’s earliest known paternal ancestor John (born near Strabane, County Tyrone around 1750) shared the same father born around 1725 (Mr. PCA c1725 in Ed Ralston’s chart), who in turn was the son of Mr. A7202. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume Mr. PCA c1725 and Mr. A7202 also lived around or at least were born around Strabane, where one of their offspring was born and when and where a large number of Ralstons lived as detailed elsewhere. As this SAPP Analysis also suggests Mr. A7202 was my James 1761’s grandfather, that suggests that Mr. A7202 would have been the earliest of our line to possibly have left the Strabane area. If so, would have done so as a young adult (perhaps during the 1720s) looking for new opportunities if he wasn’t the oldest son inheriting land. Assuming there is a generation in my paternal line between Mr. A7202 (born around 1700) and my James born around 1761, that person would have likely been born in the 1720s or 1730s. If this Rolleston was the one to move to Ballinamallard, it likely would of occurred in his early adulthood, perhaps during the 1740s or 1750s. It is also possible my James 1761 was the one to move to Ballinamallard from County Tyrone, which would have likely happened during his young adulthood during the 1780s. So, all that to say that James 1761, his father, or his grandfather Mr. A7202 in Ed Ralston’s SAPP Analysis were the mostly likely candidates from my paternal line to move to Ballinamallard from the main Abercorn estates further north based on available information. Several other historic records may help narrow this down. First, there is a record of a James Rolleston in the County Fermanagh Cattle Grazing List of 1770. If that James is part of our paternal line, which is possible given the name (though there are records of other unrelated Rolleston families living in County Fermanagh at the time – see Appendix IV), that would suggest James 1761’s 48

father, not James 1761, was my paternal ancestor who moved to Ballinamallard as he would have been in the right age range. Second, one of James 1761’s sons William and his family once lived in the southern part of County Tyrone near Trillick just south of the Dromore Parish, which is close to Ballinamallard and was the home of at least two Ralstons according to the 1796 Flax Growers List. Researching these Ralstons are also on my list of proposed research in Chapter III. Third, and perhaps most important of all, it also turns out there was a major connection between the Earl of Abercorn and Ballinamallard that may have facilitated our Rollestons movement to Ballinamallard. Ballinamallard and the surrounding townlands where our Rolleston ancestors lived was built as part of the Newporton estate (originally the Drumchine or “Dromkyn al’ Newpirton”). 95 This estate 96 was originally awarded to Sir Henry Folliott, 97 an English army officer, as reward for his service in Ireland (called “servitors” as opposed to “undertakers”). 98 Ballinamallard came into existence under the supervision of Sir Folliott’s agent 95 http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~donegalstrongs/genealogy/estates.htm#Ballyshannon . The Newporton estate consisted of most or all of 21 townlands located south, east, and west of Ballinamallard that extend about 1-2 miles out from the village. Ballinamallard Historical Society, Ballinamallard: A Place of Importance, p. 11. It comprised much of what is now the Magheracross Parish. https://sites.google.com/site/ballinamallarddevelopmentassoc//home/village-history . Similarly, some Parliamentary Papers note the Manor of Newporton comprises the following town and townlands: Ballinamallard, Bigh, Bara, Craghan, Clenaghan, Cooltrain, Coa, Curren, Caruhill, Drummurry, Drumcullion, Drumrainey, Drumkeen, Drumcunnis, Drumbolkin, Drumcreen, Drumslow, Derryraghan, Fairney, Kilgarnaleague, Killymitten, Killee, Relagh, Roscorr, Sheridan, Saloon, Sydare, Salry, and Tilerain. It notes Ballinamallard is situated in nearly the center of the manor and that the manor exitends about three miles in each direction. Parliament House of Commons, Parliamentary Papers, Reports from Committees: Sixteen Volumes, Manor Courts (Ireland), Session 31 January – 17 July 1837, Volume 15, p. 407 (https://books.google.com/books? id=-0oSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA407&lpg=PA407&dq=newporton+ballinamallard&source=bl&ots=yNxAPfxuI I&sig=ACfU3U3SlPHq1C6jNOYg3U8ojas60I07jg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiN- uSNjO_0AhXCT98KHTGZC9cQ6AF6BAg3EAM#v=onepage&q=newporton%20ballinamallard&f=false ). 96 The name of Newporton later was used to name both a local “Electoral Division” and an Enniskillen “Rural District” in the area. 97 Sir Folliott had multiple ties to County Donegal, where various Roulstons who share common paternal ancestors with our Rollestons are from (and still live) – granted in a different part of the county. Before becoming a plantation undertaker in County Fermanagh, Folloitt was commissioned to develop a township adjacent to Ballyshannon Castle in County Donegal. In 1608, he commanded troops in the suppression of O’Doherty’s Rebellion around Kilmacreenan and Tory Island along the coast of the northern part of County Donegal. The Borough of Ballyshannon was incorporated in 1613 and Sir Henry was created Baron Folliott of Ballyshannon in the County of Donegal in the Peerage of Ireland. 98 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballinamallard . In addition, “Captain Henry Folliott [a servitor], was recommended as an undertaker in February, 1608-9 by the Lord Deputy in a letter to the King, in which Sir Arthur Chichester said—''Sir Henry Folliott having purchased the Abbey of Assheroe of Mr. Auditor Gofton, and Bellicke of some other patentee, was suitor for the castle of Ballyshannon and Bundrowes, with their adjoining lands, which generally lie between the two castles now named, and which, with the castles, he recommends in fee farm to Folliott." Sir Henry became Baron Folliott of Ballyshannon in 1619 and the title became extinct at the death of his grandson, the third Lord Folliott in 1716. Sir Henry obtained a grant of 1,500 acres to form the Manor of Drumchine or Drumkeen, in Co. Fermanagh, around the present Ballinamallard. The tates mentioned in the grant (listed in George Hill’s book) are Coolecurragh, Sydcher [Sydare], Cinliartinleigh [Kingartualeague], Salry, Drumkyn, Deumroonagh, Dromeiyne, Clynaghdy, Coolecanana, Killigh [Killee], Kildiume, Cowlanghie, Killynsittle [Killvmitten], Rosscorr, Dromcune, Ardglea, Relaghe, Curryn, Knocknemaweal [Knockmnow], and Drumcoilin, at £12 a year rent to the King. A list of townlands associated with the estate in the 1830s is listed in: Angelique Day and Patrick McWilliams, eds., Ordnance Survey Memoirs of Ireland: Parishes of Co. Fermanagh II 1834-35, Lower Lough Erne, Vol, 14 (Belfast: The Institute of Irish Studies, The Queens University of Belfast, 1992), p. 102. 49

Captain Browne, initially with twenty “Borderer” families imported from the Scottish borders between Dumfries and Carlisle who were fleeing King James I’s pacification of the previously lawless area there. 99 After the Folloitt line went extinct in 1716, the wealthy and influential Parliament Speaker William Conolly, Folloitt’s legal advisor and the largest landowner and wealthiest man in Ireland when he died, bought the Newporton estate (4,212 acres at the time) in 1718 and let the land on long and inexpensive leases. 100 Sir William’s father Patrick Conolly had leased a substantial portion of Lord Folliott’s estate at Ballyshannon. 101 Of particular interest, the 6 th Earl of Abercorn employed Conolly as his agent from 1692-1700, primarily to look after his property interests in Dublin and manage his revenue offices of kings alnager and keeper of lighthouses. 102 Perhaps if our ancestors descended from the Ralston tenants of the Abercorn Estates circumstantial evidence strongly suggests, they were Lord Folliott exchanged two tates [190 acres] of his own lands in Donegal, Coolegarron and Coolecorgh, with Mr. Thomas Barton, who had got the Manor of Drumynchin with Drumurer, Sylann, Farnaugh, Baraugh and half of the half quarter of Sydaugher. Lord Folliott also purchased from Shane McGilpatrick McGregor, gent., two tates, Roch and Killbrassill, mearing on the lands of Sir William Cole, and Capt. Roger Atkinson on the south and southeast, and from townlands in the barony of Lurg being part of abbey Assaroe church lands, Lord Folliott demised the whole of the Manor of Newporton and grange of Killerna to Sir Wm. Cole, and Sir Robert King for his (Folliott’s) use during his life, and after his death for the use of Lady Anne Folliott, and after her death for his legitimate offspring.” W. Copeland Trible, The History of Enniskillen With References to Some Manors in Co. Fermanagh and Other Local Subjects: Volume II, Printed and published by William Trimble in Enniskillen, 1920, p. 288. Also see George Hill, An Historical Account of the Plantation of Ulster at the Commencement of the Seventh Century, 1608-1620 (Belfast: McCaw, Stevenson & Orr, 1877), pp. 334, 491-492. 99 Peadar Livingstone, The Fermanagh Story, L.W.N. Hall, Booksellers, Enniskillen, 1990), p. 71 and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballinamallard . In addition, a “Plantation Survey” made in 1622 notes that Ballinamallard consisted of “20 British families…most of them being tradesmen.” More specifically it notes there were two “fee farmers” with 120 acres each and 10 “cottagers.” Gallachair, P. Ó. “A Fermanagh Survey.” Clogher Record, vol. 2, no. 2, 1958, p. 303. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/27695467 . Also: https://sites.google.com/site/ballinamallarddevelopmentassoc//home/village-history . 100 Malcomson, A. P. W. “The Enniskillen Family, Estate and Archive.” Clogher Record, vol. 16, no. 2, 1998, p.89., www.jstor.org/stable/20641352 and https://sites.google.com/site/ballinamallarddevelopmentassoc//home/village-history . Known Newporton (also spelled Newporten) estate records exist at PRONI as follows: (1) letters and accounts from 1718- 1719 and 1726-1729 are at T2825/C/20; (2) survey and valuations in 1718 with information on tenants are at – D2094/24A-C; and (3) a rent account for the estate from 1774 is at D2094/47. William J. Roulston, Researching Scots-Irish Ancestors: The essential genealogical guide to early modern Ulster, 1600-1800 (Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 2018), p. 521. In addition (with likely overlap), the National Library of Ireland online holidings show there are also rent accounts of Newporton from 1729 ( http://sources.nli.ie/Record/MS_UR_080332 ); correspondence between James Crawford and William Conolly, and accounts of Crawford relating to the manor of Newporton, Co. Fermanagh, 1718-19, 1727-8, and a letter of Alex Crawford 1766 (The National Library of Ireland holds a microfilm copy at N.6212, P.6951 per http://sources.nli.ie/Record/MS_UR_080409 ); and Title deeds and a survey of Newporton, Co. Fermanagh from 1718, with rent accounts for 1729 and 1774. Belfast Public Record Office, D.2094 [Part]; http://sources.nli.ie/Record/MS_UR_080332 . Dr. William Roulston also cites a Newporton Estate record in a chapter of a book at PRONI D/1096/48/1B (see footnote 114 in William Roulston, “Chapter 7: Castles, Churches and Country Houses: The Lost Architecture of County Fermanagh in an Age of Improvement, c. 1700-c.1750,” in Eileen M. Murphy and William J. Roulston, eds., Fermanagh History and Society (Dublin: Geography Publications, 2004), p.201). There is also a book with a detailed overview of the main Conolly estate in County Donegal (same owners as Newporton) by Patrick Walsh and A.P.W. Malcomson (eds) called The Conolly Archive, published by the Irish Manuscripts Commission in 2010. Patrick Walsh has also published a biography of William Conolly titled The Making of the Irish Protestant Ascendancy; The Life of William Conolly, 1662-1729 published in 2010. PRONI also prepared a paper entitled “Introduction to the Conolly Papers.” 101 https://www.dib.ie/biography/conolly-william-a1970 102 William J. Roulston, Abercorn: The Hamiltons of Barons Court (Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 2014), p. 42. 50

drawn to Ballinamallard after Sir William took over the Newporton Estate in 1718 through this connection and offered inexpensive, long-term leases? 103 While Sir William Conolly died in 1729, his wife Katherine kept Sir William’s estates until she passed away in 1752, when their estates were inherited by Sir William’s nephew William James Conolly as Sir William and Katherine had no children. The manor then passed to the Crawford family around 1760. If our Rollestons did move to Ballinamallard through this Sir Conolly connection, it may suggest Mr. A7202, James 1761’s likely grandfather, was the one to move to Ballinamallard. Given Y-DNA SAPP analysis estimates Mr. A7202 was born around 1700, he would have been the perfect age as a young adult to be looking for new opportunities if he was not the eldest son inheriting his father’s land when Sir Connolly bought the Newporton Estate in Ballinamallard in 1718 and directly owned it until he died in 1729. Presumably this period would have provided the most opportunities for Sir Connolly to provide inexpensive, long-term leases. However, given Sir Conolly’s family held the land through around 1760, that window of opportunity could have remained open for James 1761’s father when he came of age. While odds are probably lower, it is also possible our Rolleston ancestors had some connection with another major estate close to Ballinamallard that was owned by the Lendrums. 104 Captain James Lendrum descended from a Scottish family in Aberdeenshire. 105 He was given land confiscated from an Irish noble that supported King James at Moorfield as reward for fighting for William of Orange at the decisive Battle of the Boyne in 1690. 106 Descendants of James later built the Jamestown House (also known as the Magheracross House) in County Fermanagh, barely a mile or so east of Ballinamallard around 1740. 107 That would suggest the Lendrums also owned a significant amount of land just north of Ballinamallard both in Counties Tyrone and Fermanagh. 108 Depending on where that estate was in County Tyrone, it may have included land where some of our Rolleston ancestors 103 One potential hint of potential further research: when James Hamilton became the 8 th Earl of Abercorn in 1744, he had several agents managing his Ulster estates: John McClintock, Nathaniel Nisbitt, and John Colhoun. After Colhoun died in 1755, Abercorn hired several brothers who were distant relatives named John, James, and Jemmy Hamilton and John Sinclair. It may be worth investigating whether any of these agents had any ties to the Ralston tenants that could help explain why my paternal ancestors may have moved from the Abercorn Estates to County Fermanagh. William J. Roulston, Abercorn: The Hamiltons of Barons Court (Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 2014), p. 62. 104 PRONI possesses some records of the Lendrum estate in D605/2 and D1096/48. “Researching Your Ancestors in the North of Ireland: Co. Fermanagh,” North of Ireland Family History Society, 2018, p. 34. 105 See following for a Lendrum family history summary: https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Lendrum-34 . 106 Moorfield was only a few miles north of Ballinamallard, but over the border in County Tyrone. 107 Ballinamallard Historical Society, Ballinamallard: A Place of Importance, pp. 21-22. The Jamestown House still exists as a private residence on public park land: https://www.parksandgardens.org/places/jamestown-house . 108 A citation on the website of the National Library of Ireland says there is a record at the Belfast Public Record Office called “Map and survey by G. Robinson of part of Corkhill, Kilskeery parish, Co. Tyrone, part of the estate of J. Lendrum, 1808 and maps of Lendrum's estate in Kilskeery, Co. Tyrone and Irvinestown area Co. Fermanagh by N. Willoughby, 1788.” http://sources.nli.ie/Record/MS_UR_044289 51

(William, son of James 1761 and possibly my great-great grandfather Henry) lived at one point near Trillick, as previously discussed. Unfortunately, per paid research on my behalf by the Ulster Historical Foundation completed in spring 2023, there does not appear to be any Rollestons or Ralstons of any spelling mentioned in any surviving pre-1800 records of any estates near Ballinamallard. This includes Connolly’s Newporton estate (whose surviving records unfortunately do not list any tenants), 109 the Clogher Bishopric Estate, Lendrum’s estate, 110 or the Mervyn estate, which is based around Augher, Omagh, and Trillick in County Tyrone. 111 There is also no mention of Rollestons/Ralstons in William Connolly’s estates across Ulster in general whose records still exist at PRONI (i.e. Ballyshannon, Bellaghy, Eglinton, or Limavady. Castlefin estate records are held at the National Library of Ireland in Dublin and were not checked). There also do not appear to be any mention of any associated Rollestons/Ralstons in early editions of the Londonderry Journal newspaper. While this is likely more a factor of the paucity of existing records, this may suggest our Rollestons did not move to Ballinamallard until later in 1700s, perhaps involving James 1761 himself or even his son James 1796. 2 - Our ancestors very likely came over from Scotland to Ulster as part of the Ulster plantation system during the early 1600s, likely through the close association between the Ralston clan and their Hamilton neighbors outside Glasgow. This is based on the following data points, which the remainder of this section discusses in detail: a) Many I-M223 Ralston families can trace their earliest known paternal ancestors to the mid to late 1700s in a small area of Ulster on and around the estates of the Earl of Abercorn 109 Per paid research on my behalf, the Ulster Historical Foundation notes PRONI holds pre-1800 Newporton estate records from 1718 (D2094/24B), the year Sir Conolly bought the estate, and 1774 (D2094/47). The 1718 rental records show that Ferney townland is held by James Kidney and the Drumrainy townland was held by George Campbell. However, it lists no tenant names. The 1774 rental records show only six names for the whole manor, including Robert Anderson, who has two portions of Drumkeen and is presumably the ancestor of James Rolleston’s 1862 landlady Rebecca Anderson, who likely was a spinster daughter who inherited the land and retired to the fashionable seaside resort of Warrenport to live on her income. PRONI also possesses a collection of 16 letters and accounts dating from 1717-1729 relating to Sir Connolly about Newporton, primarily written by his agent James Crawford. 110 Per paid research by the Ulster Historical Foundation, PRONI possesses 98 lease records dating from 1755 onwards and a large box of estate records spanning from 1720-1856 [D1834/1/1-98 and D1096/48/1A] as well as various maps {T2735/1] for the Lendrum Estate, but none mentioned any Rollestons/Ralstons. 111 Per paid research by the Ulster Historical Foundation, PRONI contains records related to Mervyn estate properties in County Tyrone [T359/1, D2023/3/1/2, and D3007/A/13], but there are no surviving documents related to Mervyn’s estate in County Fermanagh. None of the records of the Mervyn estate lands in County Tyrone mention any Rolleston or Ralston of any spelling. 52

b) There are numerous records of Ralstons living on or near the Abercorn Estates during the mid- to late- 1700s and earlier. c) Many of these I-M223 Ralston families claim Scottish ancestry d) The areas around the Abercorn Estates have been very heavily Scottish overall since the 1600s e) There were many Scots in Ulster overall during the 1600-1700s f) The Ulster Plantations overall drew heavily from the very parts of Scotland our I-M223 Ralstons had lived for thousands of years 2.a - Many I-M223 Ralston Families Can Trace Their Earliest Known Paternal Ancestors to the Mid to Late 1700s to a Small Area of Ulster Around the Estates of the Earl of Abercorn Using Ed Ralston’s SAPP Analysis of the Ralstons of the I-M223 haplogroup from, I plotted where their ancestors were from and the decade in which they were born on a map (below), organized by the Line numbers I assigned to Ed Ralston’s Y-DNA analysis from October 2025. More specifically (key: current Ralston/Rolston > their earliest known paternal ancestor (decade in which that ancestor was born) and location): LINE 1A  Terry Ralston > David F. Ralston (b. 1780s) from the Strabane area, County Tyrone  Walter Ralston > John Ralston (likely David F.’s brother, b. 1790s) from the Strabane area, County Tyrone LINE 1B  Samuel Roulston (Louise) > James Roulston (b. 1760s?) from Corncamble, County Donegal LINE 1C  Jim Roulston (William’s mother’s first cousin) > David Roulston (b. 1770s) from the Carricknamanna Townland, County Donegal LINE 2: none (can only trace back to William of Virginia) LINE 3  John, Ed, and David Crockett Ralston > David Ralston (b. 1740s) from the Goland Townland, County Tyrone LINE 4  Dr. William Roulston > James Rolleston (b. 1750s) from the Ganvaghan Townland, County Tyrone 53

 Trevor Roulston > Archibald Roulston (b. 1818 in County Donegal, likely on or near the Earl of Abercorn’s Maghhavlin & Lismogry Estate, where an Archibald Roulston were tenants in the late 1700s. NOTE: to date, this shared unique name of Archibald appears to be the best potential direct connection between the I-M223 Ralstons and the Ralston tenants of the Abercorn estates during a period where few, if any, birth and death records appear to still exist. UNKNOWN LINES:  Karl Van Sant Roulston > Samuel Roulston (b. 1760s) from Edenacarnan, County Donegal  John Gibson Roulstone > James Roulstone (b. 1792) in Castlederg, County Tyrone.  Carson Roulston > Robert Roulston (b. 1786) in County Donegal. Remarkably, all of these earliest known paternal ancestors were born within 15-20 miles of each other near the border between Counties Tyrone and Donegal during the same period of time in the mid to late 1700s – see map below. In addition, our own Rolleston line and that of Vincent’s can document our earliest known paternal lines to County Fermanagh, just to the south of the area on this map. A couple of additional I-M223 Ralston lines (Lonner O. and Samuel Warren) can trace their ancestry to County Antrim just to the east of this map. See Appendix I for more details and analysis of these various Ralston lines from the I-M223 haplogroup. 54

WHERE THE EARLIEST KNOWN PATERNAL ANCESTORS OF I-M223 RALSTONS WERE FROM – ALL LIVED DURING THE MID TO LATE 1700s (The Abercorn estates were the green areas) 112 In addition, as noted in Appendix II, I share autosomal DNA with a couple of people who descended from Roulstons from that part of Ulster:  Douglas Smith, who descended from a William Roulston born in County Tyrone around 1800 who emigrated to Canada.  Dawn Bess Demmon, who descended from a Joseph Roulston born in County Tyrone during the 1810s who also emigrated to Canada. It is likely not a coincidence that these known I-M223 Ralstons all trace back to the Abercorn’s estates. The Ralstons of that Ilk 113 (the Ralston clan leaders) 112 Original map from William J. Roulston, Abercorn: The Hamiltons of Barons Court (Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 2014), 2. 113 "Of that Ilk" is a term used in the Scottish nobility to denote a clan chieftain in some Scottish clans. The term means "of the same [name]", and is used to avoid repetition in a person's title. Historically, it was customary in the Scottish feudal system for the laird of a manor to include the name of his fief in his title. However, in a number of cases, the clan name was derived from the name of the fief, creating a repetition (such as, "Lord Anstruther of Anstruther", or even "Lachlan Maclachlan of Maclachlan"). For convenience, this was eliminated by using this term/title (therefore, "Anstruther of that Ilk", or "MacLachlan of that Ilk"). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_that_Ilk . Historian James Patterson adds that the title of that Ilk “denotes the chief of all the clan of his own surname. It does not necessarily or essentially refer to the estate.” The title is “very honourable and ancient. It gives him the right of 55

had very close ties with the Hamiltons as they were literally next door close neighbors in what are now the suburbs of Glasgow, frequently intermarried, and transacted properties back and forth for centuries (some examples of which are mentioned in Appendix III). While I have not found specific records to this point, there were likely Ralston tenants on Hamilton’s lands in Scotland. What is very likely is that when the Hamiltons established the Abercorn estates, they brought Ralstons over as tenants. 2.b. There are Numerous Records of Ralstons Living in the Same Small Area of Ulster at the Same Time as the Earliest Known Paternal Ancestors of the I- M223 Ralstons Above – With a Strong Suggestion of at Least One Direct Connection Between Them Numerous online records also show that numerous Ralstons lived in and around the Abercorn estates in Counties Tyrone and Donegal at the same time as the earliest known ancestors of the various I-M223 Ralston lines highlighted above. Unfortunately, birth, death, and marriage records were not required during this period and if any were kept at all, apparently few have survived. So, proving a connection between our I-M223 Ralston ancestors and these various Ralstons who lived in the same area at the same time may never be possible. However, at least in one case, as highlighted below, a shared rare/unique name (Archibald) between Trevor Roulston’s earliest known paternal ancestor and a documented tenant on one of the Abercorn estate (likely a father-son connection given the years) strongly suggests a connection. The locations of these various Ralstons living around the Abercorn estates at the same time as the earliest known paternal ancestors of various I-M223 Ralstons are indicated on the map below. These sources include: 114  Several Abercorn estate records online from the 1770s and 1780s (locations marked in light blue on the map).  Records of Ralston wills that "probated" (i.e., the person likely died and will was executed) during the mid-1700s, meaning they were mostly born in the early 1700s or even the late 1600s. Their locations are marked in green on the map, but I did not include all their names.  The 1796 Flax Growers List. In 1796, the Irish Linen Board published a list of supporters in his armorial arms…No king or prince can bestow, nor take away, the glory and dignity of that Ilk.” James Paterson, History of the County of Ayr: With a Genealogical Account of the Families of Ayrshire, Vol. I (Edinburgh, 1847), p. 265. 114 Sources for these Ralstons: Natalie Bodie of Roots Revealed, “The Family of David Ralston (c1741- 1831),” prepared for Ed Ralston in December 2019, pp. 8-11 and Natalie Bodle’s, “Followup Research on the Family of David Ralston (c1741-1831),” January 2020; Natalie Bodie of Roots Revealed, “The Family of David Ralston (c1741-1831),” prepared for Ed Ralston in December 2019, pp. 8-11. More details on these individuals can be found in Natalie Bodle’s, “Followup Research on the Family of David Ralston (c1741-1831),” January 2020; http://www.ulsterancestry.com/free/ShowFreePage-150.html#gsc.tab=0 , Rev Leckey’s book The Laggan and its Presbyterianism, https://www.cotyroneireland.com/estates/abercorn.html , http://donegalgenealogy.com/abercornrent.htm , http://www.ulsterancestry.com/free/ShowFreePage-150.html#gsc.tab=0 , https://cotyroneireland.com/estates/derrygoon2.htm . 56

nearly 60,000 individuals who received awards for planting between one and five acres of flax. Individuals who planted one acre were awarded four spinning-wheels, and those growing five acres were awarded a loom. Those civil parishes with Ralstons listed are marked in purple on the map. 115  A 1740 Census of Protestant Householders was compiled by the collectors of the Hearth Tax. The originals were destroyed in 1922, but transcripts survive for parts of the survey in counties Armagh, Antrim, Derry, Donegal, Down, Londonderry, and Tyrone. Hard copies are held by the Public Records Office (PRONI) in Belfast and by the National Library of Ireland in Dublin. An index can be searched via PRONI's free online name search.  The Religious Census of 1766, authorized by the Irish Parliament for unclear reasons. The House of Lords resolution instructed all archbishops and bishops to direct the parish ministers of their dioceses to return a list of the families in their parishes, distinguishing which are Protestants and which are Papists [i.e. Catholics], as also a list of the several reputed Popish priests and friars residing in their parishes.' Most of the original returns were lost in the fire at the Public Records Office in 1922. 116  Local Freemason registry records listed on Ancestry.com. 115 https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/955464?availability=Family%20History%20Library . 116 https://www.irish-genealogy-toolkit.com/1766-religious-census.html . 57

WHERE ALL KNOWN RALSTONS LIVED NEAR THE ABERCORN ESTATES (in Green) DURING THE 1600-1700s 117 117 Original map from William J. Roulston, Abercorn: The Hamiltons of Barons Court (Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 2014), 2. The Abercorn estates are indicated by the green areas of land. 58

The Ralstons listed in all of these records are compiled below organized by county and parish (BOLD = likely born early 1700s/late 1600s; Italics = likely born mid-1700s): 118 County Donegal Parishes: BURT (located north of Donagheady Parish towards Londonderry)  David ROULSTON of Burt Parish (1740 Protestant Householders)  David RALSTON of Gortcormacan, in the parish of Burt, in the Barony of Inishowen, County Donegal (1740 Protestant Householders) CLONLEIGH (located adjacent to four of five Abercorn Estates, except Derrywoon)  Archibald RALSTON of Clonleigh - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List. Note: odds seem high that Trevor Roulston’s earliest known paternal ancestor, also named Archibald, likely descended from this Archibald given the unique name.  Jeremiah RALSTON of Clonleigh - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List. CONWALL (located significantly west of Donagheady Parish, next to Kilmacrenan Parish)  Joseph RALSTON of Conwal - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List. DONAGHMORE (located near the Abercorn’s Strabane and Derrywoon Estates)  Charles ROULSTON of Donaghmore - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  David RALSTON of Donaghmore - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  David RALSTON of the parish of Donaghmore, County Donegal, religion Seceder – 1766 Religious Census.  James RALSTON of Upper Raws, Donaghmore [Likely in the Parish of Donaghmore, Barony of Raphoe South, County Donegal]. Will probated in 1757 in the Diocese of Derry in the District Registry of Derry.  James RALSTON of Donaghmore - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  James ROULSTON of Donaghmore - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  John RALSTON of Donaghmore - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  Mary ROULSTON of Donaghmore - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List. 118 Natalie Bodie of Roots Revealed, “The Family of David Ralston (c1741-1831),” prepared for Ed Ralston in December 2019, pp. 8-11. More details on these individuals can be found in Natalie Bodle’s, “Followup Research on the Family of David Ralston (c1741-1831),” January 2020. The 1796 Irish Flax Growers list is at: https://www.failteromhat.com/flax1796.php . Also added additional records based on a search on Ancestry.com in February 2022 for all Roulstons recorded on records in Counties Donegal, Fermanagh, and Tyrone during the 1700s (there were no hits for 1600s or earlier). I have also seen some tenants lists online of some Abercorn Estates. Example: http://www.ulsterancestry.com/free/ShowFreePage-150.html#gsc.tab=0 . I have also seen some tenants lists online of some Abercorn Estates that include Ralstons. Example: http://www.ulsterancestry.com/free/ShowFreePage-150.html#gsc.tab=0 , which lists tenants on the Abercorn Estate in the Laggan District of County Donegal in 1794. 59

 Oliver RALSTON of Donaghmore - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  Samuel RALSTON of Donaghmore - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List. DONEGAL (located just southwest of Donaghmore Parish towards County Fermanagh)  Walter ROULSTON - listed on a 7 November 1783 Grand Lodge of Freemasons of Ireland Membership Registers in Donegal. KILMACRENAN (located significantly northwest of Taughboyne Parish near Cornwall Parish)  Robert RALSTON of Kilmacrenan - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  Samuel RALSTON of Kilmacrenan - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  William RALSTON of Kilmacrenan - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List. RAPHOE (located just west of Taughboyne Parish)  David ROULSTON of Knockegarran. Will probated in 1763 in the Diocese of Raphoe, in the District of Londonderry.  David ROULSTON of Knockagarron, a farmer. Bond dated 1798 in the Diocese of Raphoe.  David RALSTON of Maghricorran. Bond dated 1783 in the Diocese of Raphoe.  James RALSTON of Raphoe - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  John RALSTON of Knockagarran. Will probated in 1748 in the Diocese of Raphoe in the District Registry of Londonderry.  Joseph RALSTON of Corroughmore. Will probated in 1770 in the Diocese of Raphoe, in the District of Londonderry.  Joseph RALSTON of Raphoe - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  Robert RALSTON [no place of residence recorded]. Bond dated 1729 in the Diocese of Raphoe.  Samuel ROULSTON of Knockegarran. Will probated in 1774 in the Diocese of Raphoe, in the District of Londonderry.  Sarah REILSTON of Raphoe – 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  William ROULSTON of Raphoe, an Innholder. Bond dated 1800 in the Diocese of Raphoe. RYE (NOTE: cannot find this parish on a map)  Robert ROULSTON of Rye - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List. TAUGHBOYNE (location of Abercorn’s Maghavlin & Lismoghry Estate)  Alexander, Andrew, John, Joseph, and Robert Ralston plus Abraham Roulston of the Magvelin/Lisnoghany Estate in the Laggan Area (all in both 1781 and 1794 estate records except Abraham, who was only listed in the 1781 records). Presumably these Ralstons were closely related.  Andrew ROULSTON of Taughboyne - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  John RALSTON of Taughboyne - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  John ROULSTON of Taughboyne - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List. 60

 Joseph RALSTON of Taughboyne - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  Joseph ROULSTON of Taughboyne - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  Joseph Ralston of Trintymorlogh (Taughboyne Parish) (1745 Muster Roll).  Joseph RALSTON of Trentamucklagh (Taughboyne Parish). Will probated in 1789 in the Diocese of Raphoe.  Robert Ralston of the Trentamucklagh Townland, Taughboyne Parish (1718 estate record).  Robert (Castledooey Park), Joseph (Clashigoan), Robert and Alexander (Tringtaugh-Glentown) – executors of Robert (Trentamucklagh) in trust for: Joseph (minor), Andrew, John, Joseph and John (both sons of Archibald), Robert, Alexander, and Archibald. All signed 21 year leases in 1789 with the Maghavlin & Lismoghry Estate in the Taughboyne Parish. NOTE: Trevor Roulston traces his ancestry back to an Archibald Roulston born around 1818 in County Donegal. Given Archibald is a unique name and given the propensity of families of this area during this period to recycle the same names in their paternal lines, it is reasonable to assume Trevor’s Roulstons likely descended from this Archibald. This apparent connection likely represents the most direct evidence in an era where birth and death records largely don’t exist of a potential connection between the I-M223 Ralstons and documented Ralston tenants of the Abercorn estates, which is the at the center of my theory of where our Ralston ancestors came from described elsewhere. County Fermanagh Parishes :  Joseph ROULSTON of Drumkeeran Parish (located in the farthest north of County Fermanagh, bordering both Counties Donegal and Tyrone) - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List. (NOTE: given his location near my ancestors of Ballinamallard, he is of significant interest to my research) County Tyrone Parishes : ARDSTRAW (location of the Abercorn’s Derrywoon Estate and part of the Strabane Estate)  Daniel ROLSTON, listed on a 7 November 1789 Grand Lodge of Freemasons of Ireland Membership Registers in Ardstraw.  Hugh RALSTON of Ardstraw - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  James RALSTON of Ardstraw - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  James ROLETON of Ardstraw - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  James ROLSTON of Ardstraw - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List. 61

 James RALSTON of the Creevy Townland of the Derrywoon manor near Baronscourt according to estate records from January 3, 1795. 119  John ROLSTON, listed on a 7 November 1789 Grand Lodge of Freemasons of Ireland Membership Registers in Ardstraw. DONAGHEDY (location of the Abercorn’s Donelong Estate)  James RALSTON of Donaghedy - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  Thomas RALSTON of Donagheady – 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  Thomas RALSTON of the Lisdiven Townland on the Dunnalong manor according to estate records from the late 1700s. DROMORE 120 (located just south of Longfield East – towards County Fermanagh)  Andrew ROLETON of Dromore - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  John RALSTON of Dromore - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List. (NOTE: given my James 1761 had a son who lived just south of the Dromore Parish during the 1800s in Trillick and Andrew is a common name in my paternal ancestry, these two Ralstons of Dromore are of high interest to my research). LONGFIELD EAST (located just south of Ardstraw Parish – towards County Fermanagh)  David RALSTON of Longfield East - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  John RALSTON of Longfield East - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  John ROLSTON of Longfield East – 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  Mathew RALSTON of Longfield East - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List. URNEY (location of the Abercorn’s Strabane Estate)  Andrew RALSTON of Urney - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  James RALSTON of Urney - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  James ROLSTONE of Urney – 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  John RALSTON of Urney - 1796 Irish Flax Growers List.  Thomas ROLLESTON of the Gortlogher Townland of the Strabane manor according to estate records of the late 1700s. Robert ROLSTON (1715-after 1774) – CLARIFYING SOURCE/LOCATION 119 “Abercorn Estate: Rental for the Manor of Derrygoon, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland Partial List of Tennants 1794-1809” (PRONI Ref: D623/C/4/7), https://cotyroneireland.com/estates/derrygoon3.html . In James Ralston’s case, the record includes a reference to Folio 129 and an “old survey” map of 1777, found in LDS Microfilm #1885920, item 4): “[tract] No.2 old survey 17..2..35” – meaning his land was 17 acres, 0 roods, and 20 perches in size). 120 The town of Dromore was originally built in 1757 when the then Lord of the Manor, William Hamilton of the Aughlish House, gave a grant of the townland of Mullinacross (which became Dromore) to the Stewart and Humphreys families. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromore,_County_Tyrone 62

Of course, as detailed elsewhere, records on the entire island of Ireland during this period were sparse (particularly birth, marriage, and death records). Thus, odds are there were additional Ralstons beyond those in the records above living in this area during this period. Several of the Ralstons from these records above are reasonable candidates for being among my Rollestons’ paternal ancestors (as well as for Thomas S., Walter, and Terry Ralston per Y-DNA analysis).  James Ralston, tenant on the Creevy Townland of the Abercorn’s Derrywoon estate at least during the 1770s-1790s. o To be a tenant during this period, he would have had to be born during the 1750s at the latest (1730s or 40s more likely), making him potentially the right age to be James 1761’s father. o I have three generations of Jameses in my paternal line leading back to that period and as noted elsewhere, common Scottish naming conventions suggest James 1761’s father (if James 1761 was the eldest son) was also named James. o A potential argument against him is that if James’ unknown grandfather (and potentially this James’ father) A7202 was the one to move to Ballinamallard to take advantage of opportunity presented by William Connoly’s acquisition of the Newporton Estate in Ballinamallard in 1718, it would not make sense for A7202’s son (potentially this James) to be listed as a tenant on the Derrywoon estate during the 1770s and 90s. Flipped around, if this James of Creevy is indeed a paternal ancestor, that would probably argue against the theory of my ancestors going to Ballinamallard because of Conolly’s acquisition of Newporton. o Nancy Fraser, whose father’s mother’s paternal line are Roulstons who immigrated to Winnipeg, Canada from Castlederg in 1903, believes her Roulstons descended from this James, which could place him among Dr. William Roulstons ancestors, who largely were from around Castlederg. A male Roulston from that line submitted a BigY 700 test to hopefully shed more light.  James RALSTON of Donaghmore whose will probated in 1757. o He was likely born in the late 1600s or early 1700s given this will suggested he died in 1757. While this makes him too old to be James 1761’s father, this James may be his grandfather. o I have three generations of Jameses in my paternal line leading back to that period and as noted elsewhere, common Scottish naming conventions suggest James 1761’s father was also named James. o Donaghmore Parish is near the Abercorn estates at Strabane and Derrymoon, though it is also near Dr. William Roulston’s ancestors as well, possibly suggesting a tie there as well? 63

o This James Ralston is a potential candidate to be Mr. A7202 in Ed Ralston’s most recent Y-DNA SAPP Analysis of the I-M223 Ralstons.  Thomas ROLLESTON of the Gortlogher Townland of the Strabane manor according to estate records of the late 1700s o He was likely born during the early to mid-1700s, making him the right age to be James 1761’s father. o Terry and Walter Ralston, who per Y-DNA analysis descend from a common paternal ancestor with our Rollestons (Mr. A7202 born around 1700), have traced their common paternal ancestry to Strabane during this period. Even if this Thomas was not my James 1761’s father, he may have been his uncle. Indeed, this Thomas is a potential candidate to be the son of Mr. A7202 (“PCA c 1725” in Ed Ralston’s most recent Y-DNA SAPP analysis chart) and the father of Joseph David and James, the earliest known paternal ancestors of Thomas S. Ralston and Walter/Terry Ralston, respectively. There are also records from the 1600s of Ralstons in this part of Ulster. While it is certainly possible Ralstons were coming over to Ulster from Scotland over a period of time, the substantial numbers of Ralstons living around the Abercorn estates during the mid-1700s may suggest the Ralstons had been in Ulster for quite a while and may descend from one or more of the five known male Ralstons who lived there during the 1600s during the early Ulster plantation period. Indeed, one of these Ralstons could possibly be the most recent common ancestor of all the Ralstons of the I-M223 haplogroup. These early Ralstons of Ulster include: 121 1. David Rowlstone of the 2,000 acre estate of the Countess of Abercorn (widow of the Earl) on the Dunnalong manor in the parish of Donaghheady according to the 1631 Muster Roll. 122 His proximity to Strabane might suggest he may be a paternal ancestor of our Rollestons as well as Terry and Walter’s Ralstons. David is also a common name in Dr. William Roulston’s maternal Rolston line. Ken Rolston has suggested he may be the progenitor of many of the Ralstons in the Strabane and Raphoe area and that he could have been the son of a John Ralston born in 1610 (although Ken cautions that it is equally feasible that David could have arrived independently from Scotland as tenants of the Earl of Abercorn). 123 121 It is worth noting that the 1631 Muster Roll also lists an Adam Rowlstone as part of the estate of the Lord Viscount of Ards in County Down. As that estate was located on the opposite side of Northern Ireland from the Abercorn Estates, this Adam is not likely tied to our Ralstons. 122 Ken Rolston found a copy of the Muster Roll at the British Library (Ref: ADD 4770) in London. The entry for David on page 92 reads: “Barony of Strabane The Countess of Abercorne, undertaker of 2000 acres: No. 33 of 40 tenants listed = David Rowlestone…..with sword & (surplice?)” 64

2. John Ralston of the 4,000 acre Magavlin & Lismoghry estate of the Duke of Lennox 124 in the Barony of Raphoe in County Donegal according to the 1631 Muster Roll. 125 In 1677, the trustees of the 6 th Earl of Abercorn’s mother acquired this estate. 126 Given Trevor Roulston’s ancestor Archibald was likely a tenant on this same estate as noted elsewhere, it would be reasonable to assume this John may have been one of his paternal ancestors. Ken Rolston suggests it is feasible this John could have been the son of a John Ralston born in 1610 (although he cautions that it is equally feasible that David could have arrived independently from Scotland as tenants of the Earl of Abercorn). 127 3. Robert Ralsen: Convoy Townland in the Parish of Raphoe in County Donegal according to the 1665 Hearth Money Roll of County Donegal. 128 There are records of numerous Ralstons living in/near the Raphoe Parish during the mid-1700s who were likely his descendants. 4. And. (likely Andrew) Ralston: Parish of Donoughmore in the Barony of Raphoe in County Donegal (located near the Abercorn’s Strabane and Derrywoon Estates in County Tyrone) according to the 1665 Hearth Money Roll of County Donegal. The Hearth Roll also has a record of a “Wid. (likely Widow) Ralstin from the Parish of Donoughmore, but had a separate house than Andrew. It is not clear to which Ralston she was married, though Ken Rolston speculates she might have been married to John. Given that he lived in Donoughmore suggests he may be a paternal ancestor of those I-M223 Ralstons from one of the more southern of the Abercorn estates - such as Terry/Walter’s, Dr. William’s, and/or John/Ed/David Crocketts. Andrew is a common name in my paternal ancestry as well and Y-DNA analysis ties us closely to Terry and Walter’s Ralstons. 5. James Roulstone of Burt Parish in County Donegal (north of the Abercorn Estate outside of Londonderry) was an elder of the local Presbyterian church from 1672-1700. He may have been the father of the David Roulston of Burt Parish listed elsewhere. Louise Hamilton suspects both are likely part of her ancestry. 123 Ken Rolston, “Early Ralstons in Northern Ireland,” 30 October 2006: https://www.genealogy.com/forum/surnames/topics/ralston/1824/ . 124 Ludovic Stewart, 2 nd Duke of Lennox, was second cousin of King James VI of Scotland and I of England. 125 Ken Rolston found a copy of the Muster Roll at the British Library (Ref: ADD 4770) in London. The entry for John Ralston on page 179 read: “County of Donegal. Barony of Rapho. The Lord Duke of Lynox, undertaker of 4000 acres: One of the tenants listed = John Ralston……….with sword only.” This muster roll is recreated at: https://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/view/26529/26286 . William M. Mervine, “The Scotch Settlers in Raphoe, County Donegal, Ireland,” in The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. XXXXVI, Vol. 3, 1912. 126 William J. Roulston, Abercorn: The Hamiltons of Barons Court (Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 2014), pp. 40-41. 127 Ken Rolston, “Early Ralstons in Northern Ireland,” 30 October 2006: https://www.genealogy.com/forum/surnames/topics/ralston/1824/ . 128 PRONI Ref T283/D3. Ken Rolston found the Ralstons of the Hearth Money Roll during a visit to PRONI in Belfast on 27 March 1995. They are also transcribed in Rev. Leckey’s book The Laggan and its Presbyterianism and were also listed in the first research paper Roots Revealed prepared for Ed Ralston mentioned in Appendix I. 65

According to the Ulster Historical Foundations book on the Muster Rolls of around 1630: 129 the requirement for undertakers to settle 24 men from ten families per thousand acres meant each family consisted of a father and one or more grown sons. When the family arrived in Ulster in 1615 when the plantations were established, the father would have been at least 40 years old and the younger of sons would have been at least 18 years old. By the time of the Muster Rolls of 1630 the father would have been in his late 50s/early 60s, the songs would have been in their 30s-40s and any grandsons might have been old enough to muster. Thus if a surname appears more than once on the muster roll of an estate, odds are very high they are father and son. In addition, it was common for younger sons who didn’t stand to inherit tenancies to move around to different estates during the 1620s and 1630s, often taking tenancies that had previously been let to native Irish. Therefore, it is a reasonable assumption that those on the muster rolls from different estates sharing the same surname were related, particularly if it is not a common surname overall. 130 This would seem to assume most of the early Ulster plantation settlers present at this Muster Roll arrived at once around 1615, which does not seem likely as settlers arrived across many years throughout the 1600s. However, assuming this is the case with the two Ralstons in the 1630 Muster Roll, it suggests one or more of the following:  They were either of the generation that arrived early in the plantation years and were around 60 years old by 1630 (i.e. born around the 1570s) and/or were among that generation’s sons likely that were in their 40s by this point (born around the 1590s).  The two may have been father and son and mustered on different estates.  They were likely born in Scotland. The remaining three Ralstons above were probably a generation or two past the Muster Roll Ralstons above given their records are from the 1665 Hearth Money Roll, or in James’ case, being listed as a “church elder” from 1672-1700). So, perhaps some or all were descendants of John and/or David from the Muster Rolls? 129 A Muster Roll is a record of tenants of estates who answer a muster, or call to arms, to address some kind of security threat. They are lists of able-bodied men capable of military service and listed by estate under the landlord. The Muster Roll of 1629-1633 in Ulster was driven by the fear of insurrection, internal disturbance, and/or foreign invasion in Ulster as a result of the war between England and Spain following the accession of Charles I. While it does not reflect a census, this particular set of musters represents the most exhaustive listing of the Ulster plantation settler population available for that period. As plantation owners were required to muster 24 men per thousand acres, it was also used to assess settlement progress and mobility. When combined, the number of men mustered totalled 13,147. The musters in County Tyrone was likely in the spring of 1630 and County Donegal after Easter 1632. R.J. Hunter, ed., ’Men and arms’: The Ulster settlers, c. 1630, Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation (2012), pp.xiv-xvii. 130 R.J. Hunter, ed., ’Men and arms’: The Ulster settlers, c. 1630, Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation (2012), pp.xvii-xviii. 66

One potentially relevant data point to consider: as noted elsewhere, the Abercorns did not obtain the Magavlin estate where John Ralston was living during the 1631 Muster Roll until much later in 1677. Until that point, the Duke of Lennox (of the royal Stewart family) owned that land. That could suggest that this John was not related to our Ralstons and did not have ties to the Hamiltons/Abercorns. By contrast, David Ralston of the 1631 Muster Roll lived on the Dunnalong estate, which was part of the Abercorn’s estates at that time (and had been from the earliest days of the Ulster plantations). Perhaps that suggests all the I-M223 Ralstons descend from this David? There was also a member of the Scottish Ralston clan in Ulster during the early 1600s who was an original plantation undertaker himself. On 29 August 1610, under the consort of Lord Aubigny, 131 John Ralston, “Son of Laird Ralston,” (third son of Ralston clan leader Hew to be more specific), was granted 1,000 acres in County Cavan called the Kilcloghan estate in the Clankee Barony. 132 On 11 June 1613 after the death of his father, however, John Ralston sold his Kilcloghan estate to John Hamilton, brother of Sir James Hamilton of Clandeboye. 133 134 Ken Rolston notes there is some evidence that he may have gone to Strabane, but it is not clear if John Ralston remained in Ulster or not. 135 As described elsewhere, it appears likely the Ralstons of the I-M223 haplogroup were likely associated with the Ralston clan in Scotland and adopted the surname and were not related to the Scottish clan by blood. It is interesting, however, that one source spells undertaker John Ralston as our family did at one point: “John Rollestone.” 136 131 According Ken Rolston’s research, Lord Aubigny was Esme Stewart, son of Esme Stewart, 1st Duke of Lennox. The Duke of Lennox also obtained a grant of 3000 acres in precinct of Portlough, part of the barony of Raphoe in County Donegal. 132 Grace Ralston and Florence Ralston Schnurr, Saga of Our Kintyre Kin, Second Edition, Outskirts Press, Inc., 2013, p. 38. 133 George Hill, An Historical Account of the Plantation in Ulster at the Commencement at the Commencement of the Seventeenth Century, 1608-1620. Belfast: McCaw, Stevenson & Orr, 1877, pp. 309, 408, 453. Link at: https://archive.org/details/anhistoricalacc00hillgoog/page/n6/mode/2up? q=Ralston . Louise Hamilton is currently conducting research on the Roulstons of both Londonderry and Ballymoney. 134 Ken Rolston suggests John knew his finances were being restricted and he decided to sell. Hew died in August 1613 leaving only £371. 10s. 0d. in free estate with John receiving one third of that inheritance, which suggests it was split between three sons. Ken says this is further supported by an online posting in 2001 from Antoinette Ralston, who had done much research into the Ayrshire Ralstons. She states that Hew Ralston and Janet Whyteford had at least five children who survived to adulthood, these being Gavin (married 1575 to Jean Kerr), Hew, living 1620, John married Jean Fleming (who had six children), and two daughters. John died June 1614. One of John and Jean's family was a son John. 135 Ken Rolston, “Early Ralstons in Northern Ireland,” 30 October 2006: https://www.genealogy.com/forum/surnames/topics/ralston/1824/ . 136 The Right Honorable, The Earl of Erne, “An account of some Plantation Castles on the Estates of the Earl of Erne in the County of Fermanagh,” Ulster Journal of Archaeology, published by the Ulster Archaeological Society, January 1895, p. 74. It states: “On the failure of his application, [Thomas Creichton] appears to have acted as agent for some of the undertakers in Cavan , for we find in the State Papers , Ireland , p . 88 – “ 1611 . In the precincts of Clanchie ( Clonkee ) , by the Lord Obigny (Aubigny), 3,000 acres in the County of Cavan; William Downbarre ( Dunbar ), William Baylye, and John Robertson , 1,000 acres apiece . Since their return from the North, one Mr. Thomas Chreghton ( Creichton ) arrived , and presented himself as agent for the Lord Obigny, William Dunbarre, William Baylye, and John Rollestone." 67

There is yet another record of a John Ralston during that period who may be the same John Ralston noted earlier or someone different. On November 1612, the provost and Burgesses of the town of Bangor, County Down, were named in a Warrant for Incorporation of Bangor as a town. 137 The list included: John Hamilton – Provost, Sir James Hamilton (Earl of Abercorn and proprietor of the town of Strabane), William Baillie (one of the planters with John Ralston in County Cavan), Robert Hamilton, John Hamilton, John DALSTON and others. The document is a transcription from the original and Ken Rolston suspects that an error was made and that “John Dalston” was likely John Ralston. A John Ralston was also named as a burgess of Bangor in 1613. In addition to all the records of Ralstons in Ulster above around the Abercorn Estates during the 1600-1700s, there are other indications of other Ralstons in Ulster during this period who may or may not have been associated with our Rollestons or the Ralston tenants of the Abercorn estates. Therefore, I compile those data points here as a point of reference potentially worthy of further research. First, after the English civil war, Oliver Cromwell confiscated property from the Irish aristocracy (mostly in Ulster), and gave it to English gentry who had supported him in the rebellion. They drove the Irish off these farms and offered the land at cheap rent to British tenant farmers to encourage them to relocate. Several Rollestones were among those who accepted the offer, although it is not clear whether they also included any Scottish Ralstons. After a hundred years or so, the land had been made productive and the landlords raised the rents to the point that their tenants had trouble making a living. Many emigrated and came to the United States. By this time (mid-1700s) the name was spelled "Ralston." 138 Second, Lex Roulston’s book on the Donegal Roulstons cites a family story that the Ralston clan of Scotland moved to Londonderry (now Derry) in Ulster after they sold the Ralston estate in 1704 to escape persecution. 139 As discussed in Appendix III, it is true that Gavin Ralston of that Ilk sold the Ralston estate in 1704 and that his ancestors in the 1600s were very active Covenanters, with William at that time actually taking up arms in support of that cause as one of its leaders. The early 1700s were also certainly a period of harsh oppression of not only Covenanters, but the Presbyterians overall by the Anglican Church (via the Penal Laws, etc.) that helped drive a bunch of Scots and Scots-Irish to America before the American Revolution. However, I have not seen clear evidence to date that Gavin of the Ralston clan or his family moved to Londonderry in Ulster. His son William appears 137 Ken Rolston believed this 1612 Warrant for Incorporation was for Strabane. However, Dr. William Roulston noted in an email to me that it actually refers to Bangor rather than Strabane. In the printed State Papers, the names were inadvertently transposed. 138 This account is based on oral family history as related by Lois R. Collins, Jim Dub R., and Fender R.; Juriah R. records; and documents found in the Tennessee State Archives. It is posted at: https://www.facebook.com/RalstonFamily/posts/its-a-good-time-to-think-about-the-emerald-isle-this-is- county-tyrone-ireland-da/1829843490411416/ . 139 Alexander W. Roulston, The Roulstons of Co. Donegal Ireland, 1998, p. 8. 68

to have remained in Scotland as did his grandson, who was buried in Beith Scotland, location of the main Ralston estate at that time (and the last Ralston of that Ilk before the line became extinct). However, this story does raise an interesting question of whether some Ralstons from Scotland may have moved to Londonderry at that time separate from the Ralstons who “retreated” to Ulster in the mid-1600s as Andrew Ralston wrote in the Ayr history book discussed elsewher. If so, these Ralstons were (barring adoption or an out of wedlock birth) likely direct descendants of the main Ralston clan and, as noted elsewhere, not directly related to our Rollestons. Third, another Ralston family story captured in Lex Roulstons’ book about the Donegal Roulstons suggests there were Ralstons who were once members of the MacPherson Clan near Aberdeen and fled Scotland to Ireland at some point to avoid the English. 140 It does appear the MacPherson Clan was active in the Jacobite uprising of the 1740s. MacPherson clan leader Euan of Cluny Castle was part of the force defeated by the English, who put a one-thousand-pound price on his head (a huge amount of money in those days!), at the Battle of Cullodon. Euan escaped capture for nine years, but eventually fled to France in 1755. 141 So, if connected to the story in Lex's book and there is any truth in it, this could be another source of Ralstons into Ulster (and would not have been tied to the original Ralston clan in terms of paternal bloodlines). Fourth, Ken Rolston 142 has found records of several generations of Ralstons who lived in Ballymoney in County Antrim, ethnically heavily Scottish, in the late 1600s and early 1700s 143 Ken believes the first Ralston there was probably James, whose death and administration was recorded on 3 April 1684, according to a list of admons records at the Public Records of Northern Ireland (PRONI). 144 This James’ wife’s surname was Boyd, a family associated with the Ralstons back in Renfrew, Scotland per Ken Rolston. This James was probably the father of an unknown Ralston who in turn had three sons and three daughters in Ballymoney. One of the sons was Samuel, an (probably) unmarried innkeeper whose will was proved on 18 June 1767. 145 Another son was James Ralston, who married Mary Cummock and had two sons and three daughters. This family immigrated to Pennsylvania in 1736, 146 where the two younger daughters were born. The other son was John who had two 140 Ibid. 141 Way, George and Squire, Romily. (1994).Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. pp. 256 - 257. Wikipedia article at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Macpherson . 142 Ken Rolston is a family genealogist who has written numerous papers on the English Rolleston family, from which he likely descends through ancestors in County Armagh. 143 Recall earlier that Lex Roulston’s book on Louise Hamilton’s Roulstons cites a family story that that the earliest known Donegal Roulston ancestor James came from Ballymoney. Alexander W. Roulston, The Roulstons of Co. Donegal Ireland, 1998, p. 8. 144 See summary of Ken Rolston’s research at: https://www.genealogy.com/forum/surnames/topics/ralston/853/ . 145 Ken Rolston found the following record at PRONI on 27 March 1995: Ref: D2977/3A/3/2/10/152A dated 19 Oct 1743. “Rt. Hon. Alexander, Earl of Antrim to Samuel Ralston, innkeeper, Ballymoney. Lease for 3 lives renewable of a tenement and a barn in Church St.” Ken believes the “3 lives” are probably Samuel’s nephews, could include James and Samuel Ralston. 69

sons mentioned in Samuel’s 1767 will named James and Samuel. John died before 1767. There is no known record of either of these brothers going to America, which means that it may be possible to trace their issue at Ballymoney. Several of these Ballymoney Ralston wills are also cited in Ed Ralston’s (also shares paternal ancestors with us) paid genealogical research. Finally, Ken also found a record from 1801 of a Samuel Ralston in Ballymoney, confirming they remained there for at least several generations. 147 In addition, according to the account of Andrew Ralston of Campbelton published by Mr. Robertson: About the time William Ralston of that Ilk came to this part of the country [Kintyre Peninsula in Scotland in the mid 1600s], some of the Ralstons retreated to the north of Ireland, and their descendants are about Derry, Ballymony, &c., at the present day [meaning the mid 1800s when this book was published]…Betwixt the years 1640 and 1674, William Ralston of that Ilk was forced to seek shelter from the rage of persecution, which at that time prevailed in the Lowlands of Scotland. He came to the Bay of Saddel [in the Kintyre Peninsula]…. [and] resided for some time. 148 Andrew’s account may suggest those Ralstons who “retreated” to Ulster did so also to escape persecution, presumably of the Covenanters, of which William Ralston was a leader as discussed earlier. Ed Ralston’s known ancestors also appear to have a County Antrim connection. According to Ed, DNA and documentary evidence also suggest that David had a nephew Joseph Ralston (1760–1834) thought to have been born in County Antrim, which would suggest David had a brother (name unknown) living in County Antrim around 1760. However, there are some indications these Ballymoney Ralstons (assuming they are one family) were not associated with our Ralstons:  If the Ballymoney Ralstons descended from the Ralstons of that Ilk in Scotland either as a descendant of the Plantation Undertaker John Ralston or as a relative of William Ralston of that Ilk per the historic account above, the Ralstons of that Ilk were likely R-M269s as previously explained (unless they were adopted or result of an illegitimate birth) 146 Interestingly, one of those immigrating to Pennsylvania became General John Ballymoney Ralston in the American Revolution. He apparently was also a delegate from Northampton, Pennsylvania, possibly to the Constitutional Convention of 1776 and the Continental Congress. 147 Ken Rolston found the following record at PRONI in Belfast on 27 March 1995: Ref: D1066/62A dated 29 July 1801. “Lease of fields, 18 acres for 3 lives, Samuel Ralston to Rev. Benjn Mitchell. Pleasurestep, Ballymoney.” 148 James Patterson, History of the County of Ayr: with a genealogical account of the families of Ayrshire, published 1847-1852, 268. https://archive.org/details/historyofcountyo01pateuoft/page/266/mode/2up . 70

 Ballymoney was part of the enormous estates of the Earl of Antrim as opposed to the Abercorn estates, where our ancestors were likely tenants per discussion elsewhere.  Several years ago, I paid the Ulster Historical Foundation to dig more into these Ballymoney Ralstons. Based on their review of available records, bottom line is they are not convinced they were related to our ancestors. 149 Fourth, Dr. William Roulston of the Ulster Historical Foundation emailed me in January 2023 that he recently found one of the earliest references to a named Roulston in Ireland. In a rental of the lands of the Haberdashers' Company of London, leased to Sir Robert McClelland of Kirkcudbright, an Issobell Ralstone is mentioned as a tenant paying a rent of 12 shillings. A copy of the rental is in the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (T640/2), but the original is in the National Records of Scotland in Edinburgh. The rental is undated, but is probably from around 1620, if not earlier. The PRONI catalogue lists it as c.1610, but this is too early since McClelland only leased the Haberdashers' estate in 1616. The Haberdashers' estate in County Londondonderry was near Limavady - the main settlement was at Artikelly. Not surprisingly then, Griffith’s Valuation (basically a census – see details in Chapter 1) of the 1860s counted 33 Rolleston/Roulston heads of household in the civil parishes containing the Abercorn manors. The map below more generally plots where all Ralston head of households of all spellings – Scottish or English - lived according to Griffith’s Valuation with the areas in blue being right where the Abercorn estates were located, showing the greatest concentration). 150 149 If any readers are interested in these records, let me know and I will share the Ulster Historic Foundation’s written findings with you. It includes various records and details about these Ralstons of Ballymoney. 150 Many of the Abercorn Estate Records were provided to the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI) by the Abercorn family and are catalogued under reference D/623 with microfilmed copies made by the Genealogical Society of Utah in 1991. A list and description of these records are at: https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/452903?availability=Family%20History%20Library and https://cotyroneireland.com/estates/abercorn_manors.html , and https://cotyrone.com/estates/index.html . Page 17 of the first Roots Revealed paper written for Ed Ralston also noted PRONI has the following records for the Manor of Magavelin and Lismochery: (1) a survey of the manor of Magavelin by Archibald Stewart, 1718; (2) Rentals 1794 – 1809, with details of the November 1787 letting of the entire manor; (3) Maps of the Manor of Magavelin and Lismochery naming tenants, 1781; (4) Lease book of the Donegal estate from 1782; (5) Leases 1614 – 1734; and (6) 1745 Muster Roll of the Abercorn estate. 71

Similarly, a list of Ralston (of all spellings) births during the 1864-1913 period are also concentrated around the area of the Abercorn Estates (such as Strabane, Castlederg, and Londonderry). 72

2.c. - Many Ralston Families from the I-M223 Haplogroup Claim Scottish Ties It is noteworthy that various families who share common paternal ancestors with our Rollestons per our Y-DNA tests and have shared or published their genealogical records/research claim Scottish ancestry or ties (claims that have not been officially verified by records to my knowledge to date). Many of these are the same who can trace their paternal ancestry back to the Abercorn estates or nearby as previously discussed, but some claim direct Scottish ancestry as well. See Appendix I for more details about this wider group of Ralstons from the I-M223 haplogroup. More specifically:  Samuel Roulston’s family of County Donegal - well documented both in Lex Roulston’s 1998 book The Roulstons of Family Donegal and by family genealogist Louise Hamilton (Samuel’s niece and Lex’s third cousin, once removed) – cites unconfirmed family stories that that the earliest known Donegal Roulston ancestor James came from Ballymoney and that at one point five brothers (presumably James’ ancestors) came from Paisley, Scotland (origin of the main Ralston family). 151 Louise also notes these Roulstons were largely Presbyterian. 152 By the 1630s, around 90-95 percent of Scots belonged to the Presbyterian Church of Scotland (or Kirk).  A published family history of Y-DNA match David L. Ralston asserts they descend from a Robert Ralston born in Scotland in 1725 and emigrated to America in 1745. 153  Y-DNA matches Terry (and his third cousin Greg Simkins) and Walter Ralston all claim to descend from either David Franklin Ralston or his brother John. David Franklin was born around 1785 and John in 1790 in County Tyrone and both immigrated to America in 1803. Family stories and some family trees on Ancestry.com claim David Franklin’s father as a John Ralston born in Low Church in Paisley, Scotland (where the main Ralston clan lived) in about 1751 and who died in County Tyrone (likely in/near Strabane) in 1802, just before his family immigrated to America in 1803. They also claim John 1751’s wife was his cousin Anne Ralston, whose father was John Ralston from Paisley, Scotland. However, Ed Ralston notes that it is not clear David 151 Alexander W. Roulston, The Roulstons of Co. Donegal Ireland, 1998, p. 8. His exact words: “I have not been able to trace where James was born or whether there were other members of his family. I was told by Tom Patterson (my father's cousin) that he was informed by David Roulston of Corncamble (another cousin) that James came from Bally money, Co. Antrim. I am also told that five brothers came from Paisley, Scotland.” 152 Dr. William Roulston writes, “On the whole Scottish settlers were Presbyterian, while English settlers were Anglican, although there were numerous exceptions to this rule.” William Roulston, Researching Scots-Irish Ancestors: The essential genealogical guide to early modern Ulster, 1600-1800, Second Edition (Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 2018), p. xix. 153 “Ralston Family” in Facets of Fannin; A History of Fannin County, Georgia (Published by Curtis Media Corp and produced by Blue Ridge Kiwanis Club and the Fannin County High School in 1989), p. 492. 73

Franklin Ralston is the son of this John Ralston of Scotland. See Appendix I for more details.  Y-DNA match Don Guy Baxter’s family claims in family trees published in FamilyTreeDNA.com and on Ancestry.com (“dianne baxter”) that Don’s grandfather William Arnott Baxter immigrated to Utah from Scotland around 1893. These trees also both show that both William’s father John (1827- 1873) and grandfather John (born 1798) lived and died in Scotland (mostly around Bathgate and Slammon, just on the other side of Glasgow from Paisley, main home of the Ralston clan). Ed Ralston wrote me that the genealogical connection between these Baxters and our Ralstons is unknown.  There are more than a half dozen Y-DNA matches who descend from a William Roulston (I call “William of Virginia”) many believe was born in or around 1708. 154 Various sources claim this William descended from a Scottish merchant family of Roulstons who lived in colonial-era Boston, a tie disputed by some family geneaologists. See Appendix I for more details.  Y-DNA match (37 marker level) Dr. Angus MacCallum Alston, who currently lives in Australia, claims descent from the Alston family from Lanarkshire, Scotland just southeast of Glasgow. The Brewer family tree on Ancestry.com of this family suggests he descended from a William Alston (1871-1951) who emigrated from Lesmahagow in Lanarkshire to Cordalba in Queensland, Australia sometime before 1903.  Robert O. Ralston (a confirmed I-M223 Ralston) has autosomal DNA ties with Barbara Gardner-Rowell of Edinburgh, Scotland and David Arthur Brown of New Zealand, both of whom descend from Archibald Snodgrass (born 1668 on Knock Farm in Renfrewshire) and Janet/Jonet Ralston (born 1672). According to Barbara’s grandfather William George Snodgrass of Bridge of Weir Renfrewshire, Janet Ralston’s father Patrick Ralston was born 1650 at Byres Hill on the Ralston estate in what is now Ralston, Scotland (see Appendix III). He married Catherine Young. Robert’s autosomal DNA matches shared with Barbara and David are also shared by Ed Ralston’s father John, Louise Hamilton, and Richard Moote – all part of the I-M223 Ralstons and discussed elsewhere. These various I-M223 Ralstons are continuing their research into this connection. Robert hypothesizes that the Snodgrass-Ralstons noted here may have descended from an endogamous ancestral group. He also believes Patrick Ralston noted above was likely a “Ralston by location” (i.e. a worker on the Ralston lands who adopted the surname) rather than a direct descendant of the Ralston clan. It also seems more than a coincidence that the known information about these Snodgrasses suggest not only are they from the same part of Scotland and 154 Interestingly, according to the trees they posted on FamilyTreeDNA.com, these five current Ralston/Rolston descendants of William each descended from a different son of William: Daniel Lee from Matthew, Gordon from David, James from John, Robert from William, and Jerry from Samuel). 74

County Tyrone in Ulster as our Ralstons, but also lived in the same part of colonial Virginia and at the same time as “William of Virginia” discussed in Appendix I, the progenitor of most I-M223 Ralstons in America.  One family (the Yules), who shares a common paternal ancestor with the I- M223 Ralstons who likely lived in the 1500s, claims to descend from a Robert Yule (1832-1882), who emigrated from Lanark, Scotland to New Zealand. Lanark is just southeast of Glasgow, not far from either the old Ralston estate as well as the main Hamilton estate. 2.d. - The Parts of Ulster Around the Abercorn Estates Have Been Heavily Scottish Since the 1600s 75

SCOTTISH SETTLEMENT IN COUNTY DONEGAL AROUND ABERCORN ESTATES It turns out that the area of Ulster around the Abercorn estates (and Ballinamallard within County Fermanagh) was among the most heavily settled by the Scots and still is among the most Scottish areas of those parts of Ulster in terms of language and culture. According to the Muster Rolls of around 1630, the most important area of Scottish settlement by that point was the Foyle Valley straddling counties Donegal and Tyrone where between the precincts of Portlough and Strabane, which already had over 1,000 Scottish men as early as 1619. 155 This is graphically illustrated by the following: 155 https://discoverulsterscots.com/history-culture/plantation-ulster-1610-1630 76

SCOTTISH SETTLEMENT AND CULTURAL AREAS IN 20 th CENTURY ULSTER 156 ENGLISH AND SCOTTISH SETTLEMENT IN ULSTER AROUND 1630 (Based on numbers and surnames recorded in the muster rolls) 157 2.e. - There Were Numerous Scots in Ulster Overall During the 1600-1700s By 1690, there were an estimated 150,000 Scots in Ulster, called “Ulster Scots” locally or eventually “Scotch-Irish” or “Scots-Irish” in America (to distinguish themselves from the Gaelic/Catholic Irish), at a time when Ulster’s entire population 156 http://www.ulsterscotsacademy.com/research/gregg/mapping-ulster-scots.php 157 http://www.ulsterscotsacademy.com/research/gregg/mapping-ulster-scots.php 77

was estimated at 500-600,000. 158 They arrived in Ulster as part of several well documented migrations from Scotland in addition to the establishment of the plantations described above fueled by war, famines, religious persecution, rapid overpopulation of the time of Scotland as well as the end of political anarchy between clans and the economic stability brought by the accension of King James to the thrones of both Scotland and England: 159  The “Gallowglass”: a class of warriors of mixed Norse and Gaelic heritage from the west of Scotland who fought as mercenaries for Irish kings from the mid 13 th century to the end of the 15 th century against the Normans. They often settled in Ulster (mostly in the far northern coast of County Donegal at first, then in County Antrim). Their numbers have been estimated at 5- 10,000.  During the 14 th century, John Mor MacDonnell, Lord of the Isles, married Margery Bissett, a descendant of a Norman family who had settled in Counties Antrim and Down during the 12 th Century and heiress to two-thirds of the Glynns of Antrim. By the middle of the 16 th century, these Scots had not only consolidated their hold in Antrim, but began to spread south. However, their numbers were relatively small. 160  In Strabane, County Tyrone specifically: when Agnes Campbell arrived from the Western Isles to marry Irish chieftain Turlough Luineach O’Neill in 1569, she brought 1,000 men with her. That led to 60 to 80 families of Scottish descent in Strabane by 1600. During the uprising of Sir Cahir O’Dogherty, they fled to Lifford seeking protection of the fort there. 161  Both the “privately settled” plantations established by Scots in Counties Down and Antrim and “official” plantations established in the rest of Ulster in the early 1600s by both English and Scottish undertakers accounted for an estimated 25,000 Scots in Ulster, whose overall population in 1600 is estimated to have been only 200,000. 162 One source estimated the number of Scottish men in Ulster by 1622 as 3,740 and 6,500 overall and 20-30,000 Scots moved to Ireland during the “early seventeenth century.” 163 Another 158 David Dobson, Searching for Scotch-Irish Roots in Scottish Records, 1600-1750, Genealogical Publishing Co., Baltimore, MD, 2007, p. x. Link at: https://www.google.com/books/edition/Searching_for_Scotch_Irish_Roots_in_Scot/FHTlVNhl4T0C? hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=scottish+covenanter+army+ulster+size&pg=PR10&printsec=frontcover . Additional sources include: William Macafee, “Movement of British Settlers into Ulster during the 17 th Century,” link at: https://www.ancestryireland.com/understanding-plantation/movement-of-british- settlers-into-ulster-during-the-17th-century/ . 159 Robert J. Hunter, ed., Strabane Barony During the Ulster Plantation: 1607-1641 (Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 2011), pp. 8-9. 160 M. Perceval-Maxwell, The Scottish Migration to Ulster in the Reign of James I (Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 1999), pp. 2-3. 161 Robert J. Hunter, ed., Strabane Barony During the Ulster Plantation: 1607-1641 (Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 2011), pp. 3, 8. 78

source estimates the number of Scots in Ulster by the 1650s at 40,000. 164 As shown in the map below, most of the Scots who arrived as part of the Plantations before the 1641 uprising came from southwestern Scotland along the coast south of Glasgow (as that is where most of the Scottish undertakers were from and where the I-M223 Ralstons originally settled per Y-DNA analysis) as well as the Borderer families along the Scottish-English border. The distribution of these early Scottish plantation settlers was uneven. The most important area of settlement was the Foyle Valley straddling counties Donegal and Tyrone (where the Abercorn estates were located) where between the precincts of Portlough and Strabane there were by 1619 over 1,000 Scottish men. Other areas of significant Scottish settlement were the precincts of Mountjoy (Tyrone) and Fews (Armagh) where there were, respectively, an estimated 210 and 220 Scottish families by 1622. In County Cavan there were probably no more than 100 Scottish families between the two precincts allocated to Scots in 1622, in County Fermanagh there may have been around 120 Scottish families on the proportions originally granted to Scots, most of them living close to Upper and Lower Lough Erne. 165  After the Irish uprisings of 1641 in Ulster and the reconquest of Ireland by Oliver Cromwell in 1649 during the Irish Confederation Wars, many additional Scots arrived in Ulster as the Irish were pushed out to exploit low rents after a decade of warfare as population growth, rent increases, and tenurial reorganization pushed them out of Scotland. 166 In addition, many soldiers of the Scottish Covenanter Army that had arrived to protect Scottish settlers remained in eastern Ulster. 167 The Scottish population of County Tyrone increased 83 percent from 1630-1666 and formed 71 percent of the county’s total population. Seventy-two percent of these Scots were in the 162 Liam Kennedy, Kerby Miller, and Brian Gurrin, “People and Population Change, 1600-1914” in Ulster Since 1600: Politics, Economy, and Society, p.58. Link at: https://books.google.com/books?id=E_qyia33- PwC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=Liam+Kennedy,+Kerby+Miller,+and+Brian+Gurrin,+ %E2%80%9CPeople+and+Population+Change%22&source=bl&ots=gg5kS4bIf7&sig=ACfU3U37kBWgFesx95Sj0z8aj- b2yTP8uQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiE_vSYqJPqAhXOhXIEHcnrAb4Q6AEwAnoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=Liam%20Kenned y%2C%20Kerby%20Miller%2C%20and%20Brian%20Gurrin%2C%20%E2%80%9CPeople%20and%20Population%20Chan ge%22&f=false . Also see Thomas Bartlett, Ireland: A History, Cambridge University Press, 2018. p. 101. 163 https://discoverulsterscots.com/history-culture/plantation-ulster-1610-1630 164 Ian Maxwell, Tracing Your Scottish Ancestors: a Guide For Family Historians, Second Edition (Yorkshire, England: Pen and Sword Books), p.128. 165 https://discoverulsterscots.com/history-culture/plantation-ulster-1610-1630 166 W.A. Macafee, “The Movement of British Settlers Into Ulster During the Seventeenth Century,” Familia, 1992, p. 102. 167 The Irish Uprising of 1641 was a long-term result of the "plantation" policy of Tudor and Stuart monarchs under which Ireland was aggressively colonized by Protestant settlers from England and Scotland. The uprising was originally intended as a rapid bloodless coup to seize key towns and strongholds to negotiate from a position of strength to recover lands lost to the plantations and push back against anti-Catholic policies and discrimination. However, it rapidly escalated into wide scale violence across Ireland by the Irish against the Protestants, killing many thousands. The uprising further escalated to the eleven year “Confederate War,” which was brought to an end with Oliver Cromwell’s subjugation of Ireland in 1649-51. http://bcw-project.org/church-and-state/confederate-ireland/the-irish- uprising 79

baronies of Strabane (i.e. the Abercorn Estates) and Dungannon. Most entered through the port of Derry, from which Scottish immigrants also spread out into Counties Londonderry and Donegal (particularly Raphoe and Kilmacrenan). 168  In the 1670s-1680s, many Scottish Covenanters migrated to Ulster (as well as America) to escape persecution during the “Killing Time,” which resulted in an estimated 18,000 deaths over nearly three decades. 169  The largest single influx of Scots into Ulster, estimated at as many as 50,000, 170 occurred during the 1690s after the end of the Williamite Wars, 171 likely encouraged both by the offer of cheap land that had been laid waste during those wars as well as a devastating famine in Scotland that killed an estimated 15 percent of the population between 1695-1699 (even more in the north). 172 2.f. - The Ulster Plantations of the Scottish Lords Drew Heavily from the Very Parts of Scotland our I-M223 Ralstons Had Lived for Thousands of Years As will be discussed in more detail in the next section describing Point 3 of my theory of our ancestry prior to James 1761, there is almost a direct correlation between where the I-M223 Ralstons lived for thousands of years in the area along the western coast of Scotland (see map on next page) and the origin of “highest” and “high” frequency of Scottish Ulster plantation settlers on this map in the two shades of darkest red from Glasgow down to Portpatrick and Wigtown. Therefore, even if our Ralston ancestors were not directly brought over to Ulster by the Hamiltons as tenants through the connection with their Ralston clan neighbors outside of Glasgow as theorized here, odds still seem good they were brought over as plantation settlers at some point by someone else. 168 W.A. Macafee, “The Movement of British Settlers Into Ulster During the Seventeenth Century,” Familia, 1992, p. 106. 169 For a good overview see: https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/ulster-and-the-scottish-killing-time . 170 Ian Maxwell, Tracing Your Scottish Ancestors: a Guide For Family Historians, Second Edition (Yorkshire, England: Pen and Sword Books), p.129. 171 The Williamite War in Ireland (1688–1691) was a conflict between Jacobite supporters of deposed Catholic monarch James II and Williamite supporters of his successor, William III. It is also called the Jacobite War in Ireland. The proximate cause of the war was the Glorious Revolution of 1688, in which James was overthrown as king of England, Ireland, and Scotland and replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary and nephew and son-in-law William, ruling as joint monarchs. James's supporters initially retained control of Ireland, which he hoped to use as a base for a campaign to reclaim all three kingdoms. The conflict in Ireland also involved long-standing domestic issues of land ownership as well as religion and civic rights. Most Irish Catholics supported James in the hope he would address their grievances. A small number of English and Scottish Catholics, and Protestants of the established Church in Ireland, also fought on the Jacobite side, while most Irish Protestants supported or actively fought for William's regime. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland . 172 Alistair Moffat, Scotland: A History From Earliest Times (Birlinn Limited, Edinburgh, 2015), 278. 80

3 - Our ancestors likely became associated with the Ralston clan in Scotland after the latter arrived with the Normans during the 1100s and adopted their surname, but were not related to the Ralston clan by blood. The I-M223 Ralstons Arrived in Scotland Long Before the Ralston Clan In addition to helping find matches with other males who share a common paternal ancestor with as described elsewhere, Y-DNA tests also provide significant information about where one’s paternal ancestors came from thousands of years ago. As previously noted, our Rollestons belong to the I-M223 (also known as the I2a2a) haplogroup (i.e., we descend from an individual dubbed I-M223, who lived about 13,000 years ago). 173 Those I-M223s who ended up in the British Isles likely descended from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers who first set foot in the British Isles after the glaciers retreated after the Ice Age between 22,000 and 13,000 years ago (crossing the land bridge that existed then between the British Isles and continental Europe). It is likely that the peoples who built the Megalithic structures such as Stonehenge, Newgrange, or the Callanish Stones largely belonged to this I-M223 haplogroup. Today, the entire I-M223 haplogroup comprises only a few percent of all the people of the British Isles, although approaching ten percent of the local populations of far eastern Ulster in County Down (which have a large percentage of ethnic Scots) and the Scottish Lowlands of Wigtownshire and Southern Ayrshire (near where the Scottish Ralstons are from, it turns out). 174 For relevant maps of where I-M223s live in the British Isles, see the red dashed “I-M223…Scots-Irish” circle in the map above or the Haplogroup I2a2 map in the Eupedia.com map below. 175 173 Primary descriptions of the I-M223 haplogroup online appear to be at: https://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_I2_Y-DNA.shtml and https://www.eupedia.com/genetics/britain_ireland_dna.shtm . 174 More specifically, the I2a2 haplogroup (for which the I-M223 haplogroup accounts almost exclusively in the British Isles) comprises 11 percent of people in southern Scotland today, 10 percent in Ulster, 8 percent in East Anglica, 7.5 percent in Cheshire/Lancashire, and 6.5 percent each in Northeast and Western Scotland. The I2a2 haplogroup only comprises 3-5 percent of the population across the rest of the United Kingdom. https://www.eupedia.com/genetics/britain_ireland_dna.shtml#frequency . Another source estimates that commercial ancestral Y-DNA testing suggests only three percent of all citizens on the entire island of Ireland descended from the ancient men who arrived around 8000 BC – divided between the I-M223s of Southeast Ulster and the I2a2bs of western Ireland. https://www.irishorigenes.com/content/dna-irish-gael 175 Scottishorigenes.com notes that “the close relationship between I-M223 Irish and Scots is reflected in the fact that it has proven impossible to determine whether the mutation that gave rise to I-M223 first appeared in a male who lived in Southeast Ulster in Ireland or within Southwest Scotland (21 miles separates both locations).” https://www.scottishorigenes.com/news/how-scots-irish-or-irish-scot-are-you 82

My Big Y-700 DNA results more specifically place me (and all I-M223 Ralstons) in the following subclades (or subgroups of the I-M223 haplogroup in my case):  Z161 (I2a2a3), a descendant of I-M223 who originated about 8,000 years ago.  L623 (I2a2a3b), a descendant of Z161 who originated around 4,700 years ago.  I-Y162101, a descendant of L623 who originated 3,100 years ago and to which all four of the I-M223 Ralstons who have taken the Big Y-700 test (all of whom have Ulster ties so far) and had their results analyzed by YFull belong. 176 176 An interesting data point to possibly dig into in the future in addition to confirming ties with the Ralstons: the YFull.com analysis of my Big Y-700 results notes we also share a common paternal ancestor 3100 years ago with two individuals with German origins within the I-Y131175 subclade, from 83

 I-BY194140, a descendant of I-Y162101 to which all of the I-M223 Ralstons who have taken the Big Y-700 test so far also belong. YFull estimates the most recent common paternal ancestor of this haplogroup lived about 350 years ago (or about 1670).  The newly discovered/established I-A7202 branch, who descend from I- BY194140. 177 YFull estimates the most recent common paternal ancestor of this branch lived about 275 years ago (or about 1745). Z161 is the largest I-M223 subclade today and is composed of three top-level subclades: L623, Y5188, and L801, the latter of which comprises 99 percent of all Z161 members. As part of that remaining one percent, our L623 subclade is extremely rare and has only been identified in Scotland and Ireland. See the phylogenetic tree below. This would seem to suggest our distant paternal ancestors were not among the myriad of Beaker 178 , Celtic, Viking, Norman, or Germanic invaders who comprise most of today’s people on the British Isles (regardless of nationality). Instead, they which our I-Y162102 subclade broke off. One of those individuals has traced his most distant paternal ancestor to a Paulus Kulster born in 1640 in Kaldenkirchen. 177 Apparently, the Big Y-700 test is most useful when one has a solid paper trail for a paternal line and traditional Y-DNA testing with good matches going back at least eight generations. This test can help one make genetic connections in the pre-genealogical timeframe most people encounter at 10-20 generations, where records often don’t survive, surnames didn’t exist, and autosomal testing isn’t helpful. The “700” part of Big Y-700 can also apparently help make greater distinctions between lines known to be related: for example, to help distinguish an ancestor from among his three brothers. https://www.yourdnaguide.com/ydgblog/2019/5/3/the-big-y-dna-test-has-gotten-bigger . Later in the paper, I have posted various results and analysis based on my Big Y 700 results. 84

were likely in Ulster and Scotland first and eventually overrun and largely assimilated by those invaders. This would seem to further suggest our paternal ancestors were in Scotland long before the main Ralston clan arrived in Ayrshire Scotland in the 1100s with King David I and the Normans. How Were Our I-M223 Ralstons Associated With the Main Ralston Clan? The fact that the I-M223 Ralstons were in Scotland long before the Ralston clan begs the question of how our I-M223 Ralstons were associated with the Ralston clan – especially if our ancestors migrated to Ulster from Scotland as part of the plantation system through the Ralston clan’s connections with the Hamilton/Abercorn family? There seems to be a common assumption or belief that all Ralstons/Rollestons of all spelling variations either directly descend from or were closely affiliated with the main Scottish Ralston clan (See Appendix III) or the original English Rolleston family from Staffordshire (see Appendix IV). 179 The small number of 178 The Beaker peoples were an archaeological culture named after the inverted-bell beaker drinking vessel they used at the very beginning of the European Bronze Age, arising from around 2800 BC and lasting in Britain until as late as 1800 BC. 179 For example, Ken Rolston writes: “This port information in itself is useful and along with the fact that your ancestors went to Pennsylvania, suggests strongly that they were Scots-Irish and therefore of the Ralston families who originated from Ralston in Ayrshire near Glasgow. I say that to differentiate them 85

Ralstons/Rollestons of all spellings in Scotland and Ireland in the censuses and surveys of the 1800s, even when one takes slow historic population growth rates 180 and emigration into account, 181 appears to validate that belief (or at least suggests there are very few different Ralston/Rolleston families). 182 Family genealogist Bruce Ralston similarly observed in an email to me that “In my 40+ years of genealogical research, including time working as a record agent in Edinburgh, I was never aware of more than one pre 1800 Ralston family group in Scotland, originating in Paisley and dispersing over time to the surrounding area.” If the Ralstons from the separate R-M269 haplogroup who claim direct descent from the main Scottish clan are correct, then none of our I-M223 haplogroup Ralstons could not have directly descended from them. 183 However, could our ancestors been part of the Ralston clan without having directly descended from the main Ralston clan family? The short answer is yes. Indeed, apparently only about half of individuals with a particular Irish or Scottish surname are related to the surname’s founding male ancestor. 184 because Ireland also has Rolleston/Rolston/Roulston/Ralston families derived from the English Rollestons of the village of Rolleston in Staffordshire, England (from whom I am descended)…The Scots-Irish Ralstons lived mainly in counties Tyrone, Donegal, Londonderry and Antrim, and Londonderry was their nearest as well as traditional port of departure [to America]. In comparison, the English families lived mostly in county Armagh with a few in Counties Down, Fermanagh and south Tyrone, and Monaghan. Newry was their nearest emigrant port of departure.” https://www.genealogy.com/forum/surnames/topics/ralston/1141/ . If Ken is correct, using data from Griffith’s Valuation of the mid 1800s compiled by JohnGrenham.com, that would suggest roughly three quarters of Ralstons/Rolstons in Ulster derive from the Scottish Ralstons and only a quarter from the English Rollestons. It should be noted that the main English Rolleston family who arrived in Ulster as part of the plantations moved almost immediately out of Ulster to Dunkerrin, County Offaly in central Ireland by the end of the 1600s. By contrast, the Scottish Ralstons mostly remained in Ulster. 180 The estimated population of Scotland was 0.5 million in 1500, 0.8 million in 1600, between 1-1.2 million from 1691 to 1755, 1.6 million in 1801, and 4.8 million in 1911. Nearly 3 million emigrated from Scotland from 1841-1971. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography_of_Scotland 181 Scotland lost 10 to 47 percent of its natural population increase every decade in the 1800s to emigration. https://www.johngraycentre.org/about/archives/brief-history-emigration-immigration- scotland-research-guide-2/. 182 For example, there are less than 900 records of Ralstons in the Scotland census of 1891 out of a total population of four million according to Ancestry.com. Similarly, as compiled by JohnGrenham.com, Griffith’s Valuation in Ireland records only 220 Ralston/Roulston/Rolleston households of all spellings (which includes everyone deriving both from the Scottish Ralstons and the English Rollestons) in the mid 1800s across all of Ireland (with most in Ulster). And that number is almost certainly an exaggeration as the Griffith’s Valuation’s “household” referred to each different property (for example, one person with three different properties was counted as three “households” as opposed to one family). Between 1864 and 1913, there are records of only 1,258 children born under all spelling variants across Ireland – or about 25 per year (again, mostly in Ulster). During the entire 18 th century, there are records of only about 600 “Ralston” children born in Scotland, virtually all born in or near the Ralston estates in Ayrshire, Renfrewshire, and the Kintyre Peninsula as well as nearby Glasgow/Lanarkshire. Today, there are only 1,200 Ralstons in Scotland (very few of other spellings), about 900 Roulstons and 400 Rolstons in Ulster (again, very few of other spellings), and only 2,200 in England. Most Ralstons/Rolstons of all spellings in the world today (about 35,000 worldwide) actually live in former British colonies such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. 183 Although, it appears possible our I-M223 Ralstons married a Ralston of the main Scottish clan at one point. A John Ralston (1752-1802), paternal ancestor of both Terry and Walter Ralston, married a “cousin” Anne Crawford Ralston. 184 Tyrone Bowes, “Case Study Pinpointing the Valentine Paternal Ancestral Genetic Homeland,” Updated September 2016, p. 1. Link at: www.scottishorigenes.com . 86

There are several explanations for this. First, it was common practice among the Scottish (and predominantly Gaelic) Highlander clans to adopt non-related people into their clan. Land in that part of Scotland, once held by the tribe in common, had by the eighteenth century became the clan chief’s land at the approval of the clan. In Scotland, surnames were not widely used until the 16 th century in the Lowlands and even not until the 18 th century in the Highlands. 185 When that happened, many of the clansmen simply adopted the surname of their chief or Laird. 186 The ability of a clan to defend its territory from other clans depended greatly on attracting as many followers as possible. Being a member of a large and powerful clan became a distinct advantage in the lawless Highlands. Clan followers might adopt the clan’s name to curry favor with the Laird, to show solidarity, for basic protection, or because their lands were taken by a more powerful neighbor and they had little option. Yet others joined a clan on the promise of much-needed sustenance. 187 Similarly, families who lived on land taken over by a powerful family or clan often simply adopted the surname of their new lords. Scottish clans often also included cognatic lineages who subscribed to “clan” leadership. 188 The Ralstons of that Ilk, however, were non-Gaelic Lowlanders of Norman origin who were part of a more traditional feudal system (see Appendix III). While it is not clear how much the Highlander practices above applied to the Ralstons, it appeared to apply to some degree. For example, DNA analysis of the powerful Lowlander Hamilton family (also Norman in origin) reported by the Hamilton National Genealogical Society, Inc.: “support the understanding that medieval Scottish clan was not a construct of people with agnatic line between each other, but a societal phenomenon of forming an extended family, and a protection caucus, between families who only partially were originally related to each other’s through anything else than defence alliance.” 189 Other possible reasons a person may have close ties to the main clan family without being a direct descendent include: 190  That the main clan family adopted a non-clan male. In agrarian times over two hundred years ago, many adoptions occurred without official paperwork, with neighbors adopting orphans after their parents died. In 185 Surnames began to be adopted in Scotland in the 12th century, primarily by the elite. While the practice spread over the following centuries, it wasn't until the 16th century that surnames became widely used, and even later, in the 18th century, in the Highlands and Northern Isles. Initially, surnames were often hereditary among the nobility and wealthy landowners, but the custom gradually spread to merchants, townspeople, and eventually, the rural population. 186 Ian Maxwell, Tracing Your Scottish Ancestors: A Guide for Family Historians, 2 nd Edition (Haverton, PA: Pen and Sword Books, 2013), pp. 58-61. 187 https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/research-guides/surnames 188 Cognatic kinships combine any combination of male and female links, or a system of bilateral kinship where relations are traced through both a father and mother. 189 https://www.scotweb.co.uk/info/hamilton/ 190 Sources for these possibilities include the Ralston Y-DNA Project, Scottishorigenes.com, and Bruce Ralston in an email. 87

many cases, the child was never aware, and always assumed that the parents who raised him was also his birth parents.  That the mother of a person (usually a widow) remarried and the children took the name of the new stepfather.  The possibility of a birth out of wedlock, which was also commonly hidden from the offspring. It has been estimated that the number of non-paternity events in most populations historically range from 2 to 15 percent. 191 Even in the United Kingdom today, the Institute of Human Genetics estimates up to five percent of the population may have been born out of wedlock. 192  Maternal transfer of the surname.  Multiple families adopting the same name of a property or place where they lived.  Going further back in history before surnames were established, different lines of descent from a common paternal ancestor often simply established different surnames separately from each other once surnames were established. That the I-M223 Ralstons probably were not tied to the Ralston clan and adopted the name at some point appear supported by another data point. As noted in Ed Ralston’s most recent Y-DNA SAPP Analysi below, the I-M223 Ralstons have several Y-DNA matches with non-Ralston/Rolston surnames (including Youngs, Yules, Abstons, and Mitchells) whose connection to the I-M223 Ralstons are consistently farther back in time than the likely common paternal ancestor of all the I-M223 Ralstons - likely before one of our I-M223 paternal ancestors became affiliated with the Ralstons and adopted the surname. 191 https://www.eupedia.com/forum/threads/27895-Were-the-Irish-pure-R1b-before-the-Viking-and-British- invasions 192 “Who’s the Daddy?,” BBC News, last updated 16 May 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3023513.stm . 88

CHAPTER 3: ONGOING AND PROPOSED ADDITIONAL RESEARCH Documenting and proving my proposed theory of our paternal ancestry prior to available records as described in Chapter 2 comprises the primary remaining challenge of completing our family’s paternal genealogical research. And the challenge is significant. First, many Irish records before the 1800s were destroyed in 1922 during the Irish civil war between supporters and opponents of the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921. During the Battle of Dublin, the Four Courts complex was seized and occupied by Anti-Treaty forces. Before commanding officer Ernie O'Malley surrendered at 3:30 p.m. on 30 June, a large explosion ripped through the Public Records Office. The records destroyed included: census records for the whole of the 19th century, chancery records detailing British rule going back to the 14th century and grants of land by the crown, thousands of wills and title deeds, records of various chief secretaries to Ireland, and centuries of Church of Ireland parish registers. There is hope, however, as a fair number of these records may be recovered through the recently completed “Beyond 2022: Ireland’s Virtual Record Treasury” research project, which aims to recreate as much of these records as possible through duplicates in other archives. 193 Second, that disaster aside, records in Ireland were pretty spotty anyway given the government did not require recordkeeping until 1864. Churches and parishes rarely kept records before 1800, and many of those have been lost, destroyed, or are missing for other reasons. The widespread violence and instability associated with 193 Ronan McGreevy, “Retrieval of Irish archive lost in 1922 fire ‘astounding’, historian says,” The Irish Times, 5 Dec 2019. https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/retrieval-of-irish-archive-lost-in-1922- fire-astounding-historian-says-1.4104963 . The effort’s website is at: https://virtualtreasury.ie/ . 89

Reformation and Counterreformation across Ireland during much of the 1600s did not help matters. Scottish records before the mid-1700s rarely survive as well. Prior to the 1800s, the records arguably most relevant to genealogy were those kept by the various estates on which most people lived as tenant farmers. However, not all estates kept good records on their tenants and even if they did, most have not survived to the present day and they usually did not specifically document family relationships. Third, specific to our surname, there were both Scottish Ralstons AND English Rollestons who arrived in Ulster during the 1600s for many of the same reasons (see Appendices I, V, and VI). Both experienced various changes in their spellings and misspellings in records that can make it difficult to differentiate the two. 194 In large part, inconsistent spellings were a factor of high illiteracy among the population at the time, which gave those keeping and creating official records a lot of leeway and interpretation regarding name spellings. Irish records of the time include numerous spelling variations of both Ralston and Rolleston such as: Rawlston, Rowlston, Roleston, Rolestone, Rollestone, Rollston, Rollestone, Rolston, and Roulston. Scottish records also include spellings of Ralstoun and Raulston. There was also a separate Ralton family that eventually adopted the spelling of Ralston. 195 And while many families at least remained generally consistent in keeping either the “a” or “o” in whatever spelling variation, there were also instances in which they alternated back and forth. For example, while it seems known descendants of the English Rollestons tended to keep the “o” in all variations, many Scottish Ralstons in Ulster seemed to often switch from “a” to “o” (usually Roulston). 196 Fourth, surnames were not commonly used until the 1500s by most Lowland Scots outside the main noble families or clans or as late as the late 1700s by most 194 For more discussion, see: https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/ralston/about/background . 195 Bruce Ralston notes in an email that some present day Ralstons may have descended from a distinct family with a slightly different name “Ralton.” The Raltons are from a distinctly separate geographical location and with a distinct genetic description (the R-M269 Group 3 in the Ralston Y-DNA project). The Ralton surname occurs across the area from Edinburgh to Kirkintilloch from the 16 th century, with some overlap with the Paisley Ralstons in Glasgow. There is evidence that a place called Ralton once existed on the Roxburghshire border with England. There are similar surnames in the northern counties of England spelt Ralton, Railton, Relton. Roughly two hundred Raltons currently exist across England and Scotland with 59 recorded in 1881. The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland (Oxford University Press, 2016): www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/97801996777…001.0001/acref-9780199677764-e-33786? rskey=se4a8W&result=33782 . Carrie Ralston of the Ralston Family Genealogy Facebook group believes she may descend from these Raltons. 196 By the mid-1800s, there were only 14 “Ralston” households in Ulster, mostly in Counties Down and Armagh out of 200 households of all Ralston/Rolston spelling variations according to Griffith’s Valuation. In addition, between the Griffith’s Valuation of the mid-1800s and the 1911 Irish census, the spelling “Roulston” grew from about ten percent of all Rolston/Ralston households of all spelling variations in Ulster to nearly three-fourths while all other spelling variations nearly disappeared. At the same time, the spellings of “Rolleston” and “Rollestone,” which comprised 60 percent of all Ralston/Rolston households of all spelling variations in Ulster in the mid-1800s nearly disappeared in the 1911 census. This would seem to suggest that many families in Ulster who spelled their surname “Rolleston” or “Rollestone” in the mid-1800s changed their spelling to “Roulston.” The number of households with other spelling variations remained roughly the same (and in small numbers) during that period. Data source: JohnGrenham.com . 90

Highland Scots. So even if we end up being able to trace ancestry back to Scotland from Ulster during the 1600s when most Scots arrived there, odds are you could only find a few more generations into the past with surnames if the records exist at all unless they were directly associated with the main Ralston clan. Assuming the information I have compiled in this paper is accurate and properly understood, it suggests the need for follow-on genealogical research in rough order of priority:  Reviewing my main online genealogy sources again focusing on earliest known paternal ancestors of our line as well as those closely related. I have largely not had the time to review these sources since life returned to normal after COVID several years ago. Odds are that additional relevant records have been added online in recent years. Indeed, the Irish and Northern Irish governments have been spending a lot of time, effort, and money to put more genealogy records online.  Determining/confirming the ancestors of the other Ralstons/Rolstons who descend from individual A7202. Ed Ralston’s most recent SAPP analysis of the Y-DNA tests of all Ralstons who have taken the 111 Marker or Big Y 700 test estimates a Mr. A7202, born around 1700, was likely the grandfather of both our James 1761 as well as of the earliest known paternal ancestors of Walter, Terry and Thomas S. Ralstons. Therefore, anything we can learn about any of these lines further into the past should shed significant light on our Rolleston line.  Review relevant Registry of Deeds for additional evidence of Rollestons. FamilySearch.org contains the Registry of Deeds in Dublin at https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/185720? availability=Family%20History%20Library . The Registry of Deeds is a repository of records of wills, land transactions, and other deeds starting from 1709. Its original purpose was to enforce rules limiting the land transactions of Catholics. As the Registry of Deeds is a rich source of genealogical information, I intend to search these records as time permits (as recommended by the Ulster Historical Society researchers helping me as well as Dr. William Roulston). With luck, these records may be the best, if only, chance of extending the knowledge of our paternal line a generation or two before James 1761 (regular birth, death, and marriage records in Ireland mostly disappear before the 1800s). Louise Hamilton and Dr. William Roulston have been examining the Registry of Deeds as well related to their lines. 91

 Researching a new source that has rebuilt the files destroyed during the Four Courts fire during the Irish civil war in 2022 using other records (virtualtreasury.ie). Perhaps there will be relevant records there previously unavailable before.  Determining the ancestors of William Roulston, believed to have been born around 1708 and had estates in colonial Virginia. Many Ralstons in the Y-DNA Ralston group who share a paternal ancestor with us descend from this William who is the earliest confirmed I-M223 Ralston we know about from existing research. So anything we can learn about his paternal ancestry would likely be beneficial to understanding the I-M223 Ralstons overall. Unfortunately, Ancestry.com was unable to find any records as part of paid research they did on my behalf. However, I am also not convinced they actually looked at all the relevant records.  Researching David L. Ralston’s paternal line. As noted in this paper, there is a family history associated with I-M223 David L. Ralston asserting that he descended from a Robert Ralston born in Renfrewshire Scotland in 1725. If this father-son connection and that Robert was born in Scotland can be confirmed, that would seem to prove our Ralston/Rolleston Scottish ancestry. In addition, David L.’s ancestors moved to northern Georgia almost a century before my ancestors, raising a question as to whether my ancestors knew of David L.’s and if so, whether that influenced my Henry’s decision to immigrate to Atlanta. Unfortunately, David L. Ralston’s Y-DNA test is only at 37 markers, making it difficult to accurately place his line compared to the other I-M223 Ralstons, though during an earlier SAPP analysis from several years ago, Ed had conjectured David L.’s line may be closely related to mine, something he no longer asserts is necessarily the case in his latest SAPP analysis. Both Ed Ralston and I have recently contacted David to see if he would be willing to upgrade his Y-DNA test. David L. Ralston’s wife Georgia is apparently an active family genealogist. But no response to date.  Following up with autosomal DNA matches with birth locations from County Fermanagh in their posted family trees. Several years, ago, a search of my Autosomal DNA matches on Ancestry.com using “County Fermanagh” under the “Birth location in matches’ trees” category results in over one hundred matches, with six in the “4 th -6 th cousin” category and an additional 148 matches are listed under the “5 th -8 th cousin” category. None appear to have a Ralston/Rolleston/Roulston surname. However, odds seem reasonable that some may have descended from our Rolleston ancestors in Ballinamallard (although that family appears very small in number).  Researching a Joseph Roulston of Drumkeeran Parish listed in the 1796 Flax Growers List for a possible connection. The Drumkeeran Parish is located in the farthest north of County Fermanagh near where 92

various Rolleston families who are possibly related to ours lived during the 1800s (see Appendix V).  Researching the Roulstons of County Tyrone: As highlighted throughout this paper, numerous Roulstons from County Tyrone keep coming up consistently when looking at I-M223 Ralston ancestries associated with my Rollestones per Y-DNA matches or my autosomal DNA matches on Ancestry.com. In particular, there are indications that my James 1761’s son William and his family lived in/near Trillick (Kilkeery Parish) in County Tyrone near Ballinamallard. There are records of Ralstons in the mid-1800s living in County Tyrone between the Abercorn Estates and County Fermanagh, suggesting they may have spread south over time. And as described elsewhere in great detail, many other I-M223 Ralstons (share paternal ancestry with our Rollestons) can document their ancestry back to the Abercorn Estates of County Tyrone. Louise Hamilton (and their family's genealogy book) have known County Donegal Roulstons pretty well documented and I have known County Fermanagh Rollestons pretty well documented. But neither of us have investigated the County Tyrone (which borders both Donegal and Fermanagh) Roulstons despite the obvious ties and we are not aware of anyone who has. I would envision something similar to what I originally did with the Ralstons of County Fermanagh documented in Appendix V (where my ancestors are from) in which I collected all the available online records of the surname in County Tyrone during the 1700s and early 1800s and map out the different families.  Reviewing the Huntingdon Estate records for Roulstons tied to Dr. William Roulston. Dr. William Roulston wrote me that the Huntingdon Estate records had originally been granted to Sir John Davies in the early 1600s and through marriage came into the possession of the Hastings family, earls of Huntingdon. Later the manor of Hastings, which focused on Castlederg, was acquired by the Edwards family and eventually by the earls of Castle Stewarts. Given that the Castlederg area has one of the main concentrations of these Roulstons, it may be worth examining any surviving Huntingdon estate records, which are in the Huntington Library in San Marino, California (www.huntington.org ). Apparently, those estate records include: o Rent rolls of the estate in counties Fermanagh and Tyrone, 1633–66 – Hastings MSS, Box 78 o Survey of the Countess of Huntingdon’s lands, n.d. [c. 1664] – Hastings MSS, Box 76 There are some online guides to the Huntington Library collections: o https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000145273 o https://researchguides.huntington.org/britishhistory/hastings 93

o ‘Summary Report on the Hastings Manuscripts’, The Huntington Library Bulletin, no. 5 (Apr. 1934), pp 1–67: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3818094  Researching the Snodgrasses who have autosomal DNA matches with the I-M223 Ralstons. As noted in the paper, numerous I-M223 Ralstons have autosomal DNA matches with a family of Snodgrasses – likely through the marriage of a Janet Ralston (daughter of Patrick Ralston) to an Archibald Snodgrass from Knock Farm in Renfrewshire (near original Ralston estate) who lived 1668-1740. There are indications these Snodgrasses lived in the same areas of Scotland, Ulster, and colonial Virginia as the I-M223 Ralstons. Family genealogists Robert and Ed Ralston theorize one possibility is that our I-M223 Ralstons and these Snodgrasses may have descended from an endogamous ancestral group. In any case, given the common locations of these Snodgrasses and our Ralstons, it may be worth researching these Snodgrasses as there may be more information about their paternal ancestry than about our Ralstons that may provide key clues to the I-M223 Ralstons. IN CLOSING: ARE THERE ANY OTHER MALE ROLLESTON DESCENDANTS OF JAMES 1761 ALIVE TODAY? Finally, it may be worth noting that my father and myself (Mort III and Mort IV) are the last males with the surname Rolleston of this line of descent as I have no children and I am the only son of Mort III, who is the only son of Mort Jr. Indeed, while I am still collecting information, there appears to be few male descendants of James 1761 alive today with the Rolleston (or similar) surname outside my father and myself. Those I know about and those who I suspect have living descendants (still to be confirmed), organized by the known and likely sons of James 1761, are as follows:  James 1796 (my direct paternal line) – all other living Rollestons beside myself and my father descend from Mort Jr.’s brother Charles: o Robert Givens Rolleston of Olive Branch, Mississippi (if still alive) and any male descendants. o Patrick O’Brien Rolleston, Jr., his son Jacob, and any male descendants. o Henry Tarver Rolleston and any male descendants. o Phil Rolleston and his son Jason.  John 1800: 94

o The only possible known Rolleston descendants living today would be any male descendants of Victor James Ralston (1919-2015) of New South Wales, Australia (married to Janet Anderson MacLean). o There is a small chance William John Ralston (1870-1932) of New South Wales, Australia may have had children, but records I’ve seen suggest he was never married.  Andrew 1801: none known (most descendants were women who married into other families, sometimes referred to as being “daughtered out”).  William 1801: none known (most descendants were women who married into other families). Only known possibility is if William James Rolston (born 1869 in Dromore Parish in County Tyrone) had children. Some of these are confirmed by autosomal matches listed in Appendix II. 95

APPENDIX I – OUR BROADER RALSTON FAMILY OF THE I-M223 HAPLOGROUP As discussed in the body of the paper in more detail, Y-DNA analysis established our Rollestons as part of the I-M223 haplogroup of Ralstons, who share a common paternal ancestor estimated to have been born around 1590. This appendix more comprehensively lists and describes all known Ralston lines who are part of the I- M223 haplogroup and their connections. The information here focuses on their earliest known paternal ancestors of each of these I-M223 Ralston paternal lines as understanding them sheds light on the paternal ancestry of the rest, including ours. But first, the chart below lists all of my Y-DNA matches from FamilyTreeDNA.com (meaning we all share common paternal ancestry) whose family ancestries, when known, are summarized in this appendix: Full Name First Name Middle Name Last Name Match Date Mark ers Teste d Genet ic Dista nce Big Y STR Differen ces Y-DNA Haplogr oup Pater nal Count ry of Origin Earliest Known Ancestor Vaughn Robert Ralston Vaugh n Robert Ralston March 16 2020 1 to 700 Exact Match 5 of 628 I- BY19414 0 Unkno wn Origin Henry McCalvin Rolston. b 1822, OH; d. 1908, OH Mr. Vincent Joseph Rolston Esq. Vincen t Joseph Rolston March 21 2022 1 to 700 Exact Match 5 of 615 I- FTG5472 8 Irelan d James Rolston Terry Ralston Terry Ralston March 16 2020 1 to 700 Exact Match 6 of 638 I-A7202 Unkno wn Origin Jim Roulston Jim Roulsto n Februar y 22 2021 1 to 700 Exact Match 6 of 626 I- FTG1776 3 Unkno wn Origin Roland Douglas Ralston Roland Douglas Ralston July 12 2024 1 to 700 Exact Match 7 of 644 I- FT40432 6 United States Thomas Dempsey Ralston, b 1870 and d. 1931 Mr. RICHARD Lee MOOTE RICHA RD Lee MOOT E March 16 2020 1 to 700 Exact Match 7 of 627 I- FT40432 6 Unkno wn Origin ralph marsden moote b1905 d1988 Daniel Lee Roulston Daniel Lee Roulsto n August 20 2020 1 to 700 Exact Match 8 of 641 I- FT40432 6 Unkno wn Origin Thomas S Ralston Thoma s S Ralston March 16 2020 1 to 700 Exact Match 8 of 638 I-A7202 Unkno wn Origin James R. James R. Ralston October 1 to Exact 8 of 629 I- Unkno William 96

Ralston 09 2020 700 Match FT40432 6 wn Origin Ralston, b. 1759 and d. 1835 Mr. David Crockett Ralston David Crockett Ralston March 16 2020 1 to 700 Exact Match 8 of 622 I- FT35381 7 Irelan d David Ralston 1741- 1831 R Ralston R Ralston March 16 2020 1 to 700 Exact Match 8 of 613 I- FT40432 6 United States Samuel David Rolston, b. 1738 and d. 1821 Dr. Samuel Warren Ralston Samuel Warren Ralston January 28 2021 1 to 700 Exact Match 9 of 646 I- FTG1776 3 Irelan d William S Ralston b1815 d 1890 Samuel Roulston Samuel Roulsto n March 16 2020 1 to 700 Exact Match 10 of 650 I- Y162146 Irelan d James Roulston d. 1852 Richard Lee Southard Richar d Lee Southa rd March 16 2020 1 to 700 Exact Match 10 of 638 I- FT40432 6 Unkno wn Origin Texas William James Roulston Willia m James Roulsto n Februar y 28 2021 1 to 700 Exact Match 10 of 617 I- FTG5472 8 Unkno wn Origin Mitchell Raulston Mitche ll Raulsto n Septem ber 26 2023 1 to 700 Exact Match 12 of 645 I- FGC7345 0 United States William M. Raulston, b.1811 and d.1890 Robert Raymond Young Robert Raymon d Young August 11 2021 1 to 700 Exact Match 14 of 646 I- FTB1950 0 United States Robert Young, 1690 - 1727 Dr. Brian Patrick Mitchell Brian Patrick Mitchel l October 09 2020 1 to 700 Exact Match 14 of 643 I- BY12015 9 United States John Mitchell Sr. b. 1771, d. 1818 Charles G Absten Charle s G Absten Novemb er 16 2021 1 to 700 Exact Match 14 of 634 I- BY12015 9 Unkno wn Origin Tony Yule Tony Yule March 16 2020 1 to 700 Exact Match 17 of 637 I- FTB1950 0 Unkno wn Origin Mr. Don G. Baxter Don G. Baxter March 16 2020 1 to 500 Exact Match 5 of 549 I- BY12015 9 Scotla nd John Baxter, b. 1727 Elwin Dickerson Elwin Dickers on March 16 2020 1 to Exact Match Not Available I-M223 Unkno wn Origin Mr. Andrew Nairn Alston Andre w Nairn Alston March 16 2020 1 to 12 Exact Match Not Available I-M223 Scotla nd Mr. Ralph Edward Moote Ralph Edward Moote March 16 2020 1 to 12 Exact Match Not Available I-M223 Unkno wn Origin Jeffery A. Jeffery A. Young March 1 to Exact Not I-M223 Unkno 97

Young 16 2020 12 Match Available wn Origin James Kerry Abston James Kerry Abston April 28 2025 1 to 37 Exact Match Not Available I-M223 Unkno wn Origin Dr. Angus MacCallum Alston Angus MacCall um Alston March 16 2020 1 to 37 Exact Match Not Available I-M223 Scotla nd Thomas Alston, ~1813 -1851 Mr. Mark S Dickerson Mark S Dickers on March 16 2020 1 to 37 Exact Match Not Available I-P222 Unkno wn Origin Mr. James C Mitchell James C Mitchel l March 16 2020 1 to 37 Exact Match Not Available I-M223 Unkno wn Origin John Mitchell b. 1783 VA d. 1831 Robertso n Co TN Mr. David Wayne Ralston David Wayne Ralston April 03 2023 1 to 37 Exact Match Not Available I-M223 Unkno wn Origin Charles E Ralston/1 939 David L. Ralston David L. Ralston March 16 2020 1 to 37 Exact Match Not Available I-M223 Scotla nd Miles L Ralston, b. 1884 and d. 1927 James Ralston James Ralston March 04 2022 1 to 37 Exact Match Not Available I-M223 Irelan d Joseph Roulston b 1809 and d. 1857 Chuck Rolston Chuck Rolston July 09 2020 1 to 37 Exact Match Not Available I-M223 United States Henry McCalvin Ralston b.1822 Ohio d. 1908 Ohio Carson Roulston Carson Roulsto n March 16 2020 1 to 37 Exact Match Not Available I- BY64351 Unkno wn Origin Barry Young Barry Young January 04 2024 1 to 37 Exact Match Not Available I-M223 United States John Wesley Young b. 1857 and d. 1929 Sanford Tyler Young Sanfor d Tyler Young March 16 2020 1 to 37 Exact Match Not Available I-M223 United States Thomas Young, b. 1754 and d. 1832 NH Lewis H. Eatherton Lewis H. Eathert on March 16 2020 1 to 67 Exact Match Not Available I-M223 Unkno wn Origin Floyd Earl Gardner Floyd Earl Gardne r March 16 2020 1 to 67 Exact Match Not Available I-P222 Englan d Cleophas Gardner, b. 1852 and d. 1928, Ohio Robert Robert Wayne Mitchel March 1 to Exact Not I-M223 United John 98

Wayne Mitchell l 16 2020 67 Match Available Kingdo m Mitchell, Sr, b. ca 1771 prob VA Mr. Lonnie Wayne Ralston Lonnie Wayne Ralston March 16 2020 1 to 67 Exact Match Not Available I-M223 United States Bazil E Ralston, Sr b. 1805 KY d. 1895 IL Mr. Brian Roulston Brian Roulsto n March 16 2020 1 to 67 Exact Match Not Available I-P222 Irelan d Samuel Roulston (1852 - 1907) Marvin E raulston Marvin E raulsto n March 16 2020 1 to 67 Exact Match Not Available I-M223 Unkno wn Origin john rolston john rolston March 16 2020 1 to 67 Exact Match Not Available I- BY64351 Unkno wn Origin Robert Abston Robert Abston Septem ber 05 2023 1 to 111 Exact Match Not Available I-M223 Unkno wn Origin John Michael Moote John Michael Moote March 16 2020 1 to 111 Exact Match Not Available I-M223 Unkno wn Origin Anthony W Ralston Anthon y W Ralston Decemb er 08 2022 1 to 111 Exact Match Not Available I-M223 Unkno wn Origin Mr. Jerald "Jerry" W Ralston Jerald "Jerry" W Ralston March 16 2020 1 to 111 Exact Match Not Available I-L623 Scotla nd Mr. John Roulston I, b. 1623 and d. 1687 Walter Ralston Walter Ralston Septem ber 18 2020 1 to 111 Exact Match Not Available I-M223 Scotla nd John Ralston MD b. 1753 d. 1802 Michael Barry Rollston Michae l Barry Rollsto n March 16 2020 1 to 111 Exact Match Not Available I- BY64351 Irelan d Robert Rollston, b. 1815 or 1821 Gordon Rolston Gordon Rolston March 16 2020 1 to 111 Exact Match Not Available I-M223 Unkno wn Origin David Rolstone, Sr. Charles Harold Ralston Charle s Harold Ralston June 04 2025 1 to 700 Exact Match Not Available I-M223 Irelan d Andrew Ralston, b.1809 and d. 1855 Joshua Christopher Young Joshua Christop her Young March 16 2020 1 to 700 Exact Match Not Available I- BY64351 Unkno wn Origin John Ralston John Ralston March 16 2020 1 to 700 1 Step 7 of 634 I- FT35381 7 Irelan d David Ralston 1741/183 1 LONNER Owen RALSTON LONN ER Owen RALST ON March 16 2020 1 to 700 1 Step 7 of 617 I- BY19414 0 Northe rn Irelan d Joseph Ralston 1760– 1834 99

Stephen Boykin Raulston Stephe n Boykin Raulsto n August 29 2023 1 to 700 1 Step 11 of 656 I- FGC7345 0 Unkno wn Origin Kevin E Ralston Kevin E Ralston March 16 2020 1 to 37 1 Step Not Available I-M223 Irelan d William Ralston b. 1779 IR - d.1850 PA, USA John Gibson Roulstone John Gibson Roulsto ne April 07 2021 1 to 37 1 Step Not Available I-M223 Unkno wn Origin Karl Van Sant Roulston Karl Van Sant Roulsto n March 16 2020 1 to 111 1 Step Not Available I-L623 Irelan d MY Y-DNA MATCHES PER FAMILYTREEDNA.COM (As of 16 June 2025) The latest Y-DNA SAPP analysis of all Ralstons of the I-M223 haplogroup by Ed Ralston in October 2025 (see graph below) strongly suggests there are at least four separate main Ralston lines of descent from an unknown common paternal ancestor (Mr. B194140) estimated to have been born around 1590 that I have designated lines 1-4:  LINE 1: descendants of Mr. B194140’s likely son “Predicted Common Ancestor (PCA) c. 1625”, which in turn branch out into three distinctive lines I have designated Lines 1A, 1B, and 1C. Ralston Y-DNA testers who descend from this line include: a. Moreton Rolleston (myself), Charles Ralston, Thomas S. Ralston, Walter Ralston, and Terry Ralston b. Samuel Roulston (includes Louise Hamilton), Stephen Boykin Raulston, and Mitchell Raulston c. Vaughn Ralston, Chuck Rolston, John Roleston, Jack Ralston, Samuel Warren Ralston, and Jim Roulston (Dr. William Roulston’s maternal line).  LINE 2: descendants of an actual person whom I have dubbed “William of Virginia”: William Rolstone, born in 1708 – the progenitor of arguably the largest Ralston family in the United States. Ralston Y-DNA testers who descend from this line include: Richard Southard, James R. Ralston, Gordon Rolston, John and Richard Moote, Roland Douglas Ralston, Anthony W. Ralston, Jerald W. Ralston, R. Ralston, and Daniel Raulston.  LINE 3: descendants of Mr. B194140’s likely grandson “PCA c. 1650.” Ralston Y-DNA testers who descend from this line include: Lonner O. Ralston, David Ralston, John Ralston, and David Crockett Ralston.  LINE 4: descendants of an unknown Mr. FTG54728, progenitor of the three distinct lines for Ralston Y-DNA testers Trevor Roulston, Dr. William Roulston, and Vincent Rolston. There are additional Ralston Y-DNA testers whose results prove they descend from the same common I-M223 Ralston ancestor of all the lines noted above, but were not sufficient enough to shed insight on which part of the I-M223 Ralston family 100

they belong: James Ralston, David L. Ralston, Kevin E. Ralston, David W. Ralston, Lonnie W. Ralston, Carson Roulston, and John Gibson Roulstone. Those testers would need to upgrade their Y-DNA tests to at least 111 markers to enable more specific placement. The rest of this appendix provides the details for each of these Ralston lines. 101

LINE 1 The progenitor of Line 1 was “PCA c.1625,” likely a son of Mr. BY 194140 – the most recent common paternal ancestor of all I-M223 Ralstons. In turn, Ed’s Y-DNA analysis assesses this PCA c.1625 was the progenitor of at least three separate lines, which I designated 1A, 1B, and 1C in the chart above. LINE 1A: DESCENDANTS OF PCA 1660 (Which Includes Our Rollestons): This PCA born around 1660 was the progenitor of at least two main lines: 1. Descendants of an unknown individual A7202 born around 1700 (likely the son of this PCA), who was the progenitor of three known Ralston lines (our Rollestons described in Chapter 1 and those of Thomas S. Ralston as well as Walter and Terry Ralston) 2. That of new Y-DNA tester Charles Ralston. Descendants of Mr. A7202: Ed’s Y-DNA analysis assesses that Mr. A7202 was the progenitor of at least two lines, our Rolleston line (James 1761 was likely A7202’s grandson) and a PCA born around 1725 who was likely the father of both John Ralston (the earliest known paternal ancestor via records of Terry and Walter Ralston as well as Terry’s third cousin Greg Simkins) and Joseph David Ralston (the earliest known paternal ancestor via records of Thomas S. Ralston. Terry and Walter’s Ralstons The ancestors of Y-DNA matches Terry (and his third cousin Greg Simkins 197 , who is the family genealogist) and Walter Ralston (who is Greg Simkin’s fourth cousin, once removed) are of high interest to our Rollestons. Walter and Terry descend from David Franklin Ralston and his brother John respectively, who were the sons of a John Ralston (likely grandson of Mr. A7202). David Franklin was born around 1785 and John in 1790 in County Tyrone. Both immigrated to America in 1803. To my knowledge, there is no overarching paper compiling information about this line of Ralstons. However, Terry and Walter’s paternal ancestry they posted online and several emails I have received from Greg Simkins provide the information summarized here. There are also detailed family trees on Ancestry.com, to include Lori Bryant’s (an autosomal DNA match to myself), Margie Bloom’s “Kelly/ 197 Greg Simkins’ tie to the Ralstons is through his great grandfather James Bailey Simkins, who married Amanda Ann Ralston, eldest child of James Barr Ralston, who was son of David Franklin Ralston. James Simkins and Amanda moved to South Dakota after the US Civil War. 103

Steinhauer/Ralston/Sefton” tree, and “wswpile”’s “Pile_Wood Family Tree_1” - assuming they are accurate. Of great interest to our Rollestons is the debate over which John Ralston is the father of Walter and Terry’s earliest documented paternal ancestors and Mr. A7202’s likely grandson. 198 Family stories and some family trees on Ancestry.com claim David Franklin’s father as a John Ralston born in Low Church in Paisley, Scotland (where the main Ralston clan lived) in about 1751 and who died in County Tyrone (likely in/near Strabane) in 1802, just before his family immigrated to America in 1803. They also claim this John Ralston’s wife was his cousin Anne Ralston, whose father was yet another John Ralston from Paisley, Scotland (born 21 April 1731 in Eastwood in Renfrewshire, Scotland and died after 1763 in Paisley, Scotland) and mother was Agnes Robison Troop (born 14 June 1730 in Stirling, Scotland and also died after 1763 in Paisley Scotland). This would suggest these Ralstons were part of the main Ralston clan. However, family genealogist Ed Ralston (supported by Bruce Ralston) notes that it is not clear David Franklin Ralston is the son of the John Ralston of Scotland described above. First, this John is believed to be of the line of the main Ralston clan “of that Ilk” of Renfrewshire, which has been shown to be a different line through Y-DNA testing. Ed also contends David Franklin’s mother and John’s wife Anne was born in County Tyrone, not Scotland. Ed does believe Anne is David Franklin’s mother as they are buried in the same cemetery in Slate Lick in Armstrong County, Pennsylvania and both immigrated to America in 1803 from Strabane. However, whether the connection between both David Franklin and mother Anne with the John Ralston whose record says he was born in 1751 in Low Church Paisley is yet to be verified. Odds are Anne’s first husband John was a different John Ralston, whose details are unknown at this point. Along those lines, autosomal DNA match Lori Bryant’s family tree on Ancestry contends David Franklin’s father was a John Ralston born in County Tyrone in 1753, married Anne in 1777 there, and died 1802 there consistent with the family stories. Regardless of which John Ralston was David Franklin’s father, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/99408723 cites a "Ralston family history book" that: (1) John had a brother Andrew born in 1755; (2) John married Anne, a cousin, around 1777; (3) John's profession was a Doctor; and (4) that John and Anne's children are: Mary, Rebecca, Robert, David Franklin, John, Jane, Anne and Joseph Ralston. Helen, a descendant of John and Anne’s child John, also writes in Ancestry.com that “The family tradition of several descendants of this family claim 198 It is interesting that apparently Matt Ralston’s ancestors had very similar names as this family and lived in the same areas, but were different families who likely knew each other. Greg Simkins wrote that based on a conversation with Matt Ralston that Matt’s family settled in Indiana rather than Pennsylvania. Both families have a Dr. John Ralston and Ann Ralston in ancestors. The story in Terry and Greg Simkins’ family is that Dr. John Ralston died in 1802 and his wife Ann and children left for America without him. Matt’s Dr. John Ralston lived on. In fact, Matt verified the existence of his ancestor with a personal visit to Scotland and has his medical diploma to prove it. This appears to be the case of different families following the same naming convention. Matt states his great-great-great grandfather died in Madison, Indiana in 1869. 104

that Anne was a Ralston who married a cousin, John Ralston.” 199 Records do show David’s mother Anne Ralston sailed with family members Anne (5), Joseph (2), Jane (8), Robert (19), David (15), and John (11) – all from Strabane in County Tyrone 200 in Ulster on 14 May 1803 aboard the Strafford from Londonderry bound for Philadelphia. However, they apparently disembarked at New Castle and settled in Baltimore, Maryland for about seven years. By the 1810 census, the family was living in Armstrong County, Pennsylvania. 201 No husband is shown on the passenger list (which would be consistent with the contention this John died in 1802, a year before Anne emigrated to America). Greg Simkins similarly wrote me that his understanding is that John (a medical doctor) and Anne were saving money for passage to America. John, however, was killed in an accident. So the rest of the family took the money and went to America. This is echoed by Helen (descendant of Anne’s son John), who wrote on Ancestry.com that: “Another story passed down in our family was that the question rose as to whether they should emigrate after Ann’s husband died, but Anne decided that since they had the money for the passages, they should go ahead and emigrate.” Interestingly, there were two other Ralston families on the same ship also from County Tyrone, likely related. One was headed by James (1758) and Mary (1763) with five children (James, Mary, David, Josh, and Anne) and other by John (1763) and Sarah (1763) with four children (David, Andrew, James, and William). Helen (descendant of Anne’s son John) wrote in Ancestry.com that “My family tradition says that Ann came over with her brother [she believes was John given her husband’s name was John] and brother-in-law [she believes James].” 202 She added that John and Sarah settled in Armstrong County, Pennsylvania (where Anne Crawford Ralston eventually settled). Helen does not know where James and Mary’s family ended up. Further research on these various Ralstons and their ancestors would very likely be beneficial to our Rolleston ancestry research. According to information posted by Mark Lindahl in 2007 on Ancestry.com and Findagrave.com, John and Anne’s son David Franklin Ralston married Hannah Nancy Barr in 1810 in Armstrong County, Pennsylvania and had the following children: James Barr, Hannah, Mary Ann, John David, Nancy Jane, and Rebecca N. David Franklin died in 1862. 199 Another source claiming David Franklin Ralston’s ancestry and story is at: https://www.ancestry.com/mediaui-viewer/tree/17501354/person/636034062/media/26282d43-4378- 4754-b90b-8b4c42fc8047?_phsrc=SLv82&_phstart=successSource . 200 Helen, a descendant of John and Anne’s child John, writes that the Ulster Historical Foundation confirmed these Ralstons came from Strabane (near the Abercorn Estates, which had many Roulstons as tenants, as described elsewhere). 201 http://www.olivetreegenealogy.com/ships/pa-strafford1803.shtml 202 The ship records from Londonderry listing these Ralstons were among the Hardwicke papers in the British archives and in The Handbook on Irish Genealogy, edited by Donald F. Begley, 6th ed. (revised) published in Dublin in 1984, p. 103. 105

James Barr Ralston is Terry Ralston’s paternal ancestor. The line of paternal descent: James Barr, James McCormick, Mark Elwood, Chester William to Terry Ralston. David Franklin’s brother John is Walter Ralston’s paternal ancestor. The line of paternal descent: John, Joseph White, Edgar Lee, Walter Jay, to Walter Ralston. Thomas S.’s Ralstons: Per Ed Ralston’s most recent Y-DNA analysis, Thomas S.’s earliest known paternal ancestor likely shared the same father as John Ralston, the earliest known paternal ancestor of Walter and Terry Ralston as described above. In turn, this shared father’s father (Mr. A7202) was likely the grandfather of our earliest known paternal ancestor James 1761. So this line is also of very high interest to my research. Per Facebook, it appears Thomas runs Ralston Supply in Canastota, New York and has a sister Jodie, who has created a “Ralston Family Tree” on Ancestry.com at https://www.ancestry.com/family-tree/person/tree/28467582/person/26900030 485/facts . Rosario Nail is also related. Jodie traces their line back as follows:  Joseph David Ralston (1766 to 1771 – 1812). Born in Ireland or Scotland and died in New Haven, Pennsylvania.  William Rudisell Ralston (1791-1858). Born in New Haven, Pennsylvania and died in West Brookfield, Ohio.  Joseph Ralston (1818-1895). Born in Hanover, Pennsylvania and died in Defiance, Ohio.  Orlando Loring Ralston (1845-1910). Born and died in Defiance, Ohio.  Karl Richilieu Ralston (1877-1950). Born in Defiance, Ohio and died in Cleveland, Ohio.  Edgar Keith Ralston (1903-1987). Born in Coshhocton, Ohio and died in Bath, New York. This family tree asserts Joseph David's father was a William (born in Glasgow Scotland in 1730, died in 1800, and married Elizabeth Ingles) and his grandfather was an Andrew Ralston (born 1707 in Glasgow and married Agnes Campbell). If accurate, Andrew is also probably my James' grandfather (and the Mr. A7202 in Ed Ralston's Y-DNA analysis) and William was probably my James' father. However, odds seem low Joseph David Ralston descended from this William and Andrew. Instead, given what we know of other closely related Ralston lines (mine and those of Walter and Terry) odds seem likely very high Joseph David was born in what was then "Ireland" (now Northern Ireland politically - region is also called Ulster) rather than Scotland and his/our ancestors probably did not leave Scotland for Ulster for 2-3 generations before him. I have reached out to Jodie to see 106

if she has records confirming these connections, but I have not received a reply to date. Charles Harold’s Ralstons : Cinda Keener is Charles’ daughter and family genealogist. She noted Andrew (Charles’s earliest known paternal ancestor through records) was born in 1808 and he and his brother Robert came to the United States together – though the exact year is unclear. Cinda also noted that Andrew was a tutor for the children of a Samuel Smith (also from Ireland). After Samuel Smith died in 1834, Andrew went on to marry Samuel’s widow (Matilda Briar - also from Ireland) in 1837 and have five more children. Louise Hamilton found Andrew’s will of 1855, in which Robert Ralston (presumably Andrew’s brother), Robert Gailey and John Anderson were mentioned as administrators/executors. Robert Ralston was born around 1815 and married Margaret Casey in 1842. He was living at Kirkwood, Belmont Ohio in the 1850 census. Robert Gailey, the other administrator was born around 1780 in Ireland and died in 1861 in Belmont, Ohio. He was married to Mary Gailey nee Stouts in Kirkwood, Belmont in 1828. His will of 1861 stated he had a house in Hendrysburg formerly owned by Robert Ralston. He left money to Matilda Ralston, widow of Andrew. Money was also left to Robert Barr, Robert McFaden, niece, Jane Clark (Louise believes was a relative of his wife. Robert Gailey was in Hendrysburg in 1830 census, in Kirkwood for 1840 census, in Kirkwood for 1850 census and in Kirkwood for 1860 census with Robert Smith, farmhand, living with him. Matilda Ralston, widow of Andrew, was living nearby. Louise also found a record of a David Ralston born in 1782 from Ireland and wife Margaret. They were living in Grandview, Washington, Ohio in 1850 census with a son John born around 1815. John married Martha Martin. They appear to be living in Kirkwood, Belmont, Ohio in the 1840 census. Louise wonders if David and Margaret are parents of Andrew and Robert, which would make John a brother as well. Some online trees suggest David Ralston and Margaret Gailey were the parents of Andrew but a lot of them were saying it was David Franklin Ralston which we know is not. This is a different David Ralston. In the Belmont court records, Louise found an application for citizenship for an Andrew Ralston in 1838, for Robert Ralston 1840, and a John Ralston 1842. All had to be present in the United States for five years and all were noted as native of Ireland. Did they need citizenship before they married? If these are correct, that could suggest they all arrived in the 1830s. 107

LINE 1B: Descendants of Mr. Y162146 (Born Around 1660) The next group of Ralston lines summarized in Line 1 descend from Mr. Y162146 (born around 1660), likely the son of PCA 1625 and brother of PCA 1660, progenitor of our Line 1A. Mr. Y162146 was the progenitor of Samuel/Louise Hamilton’s Roulstons as well as a Mr. FGC73450 born around 1760, progenitor of the separate lines of George Raulston (the earliest known paternal ancestor of Stephen Boykin Raulston born around 1781 in Virginia or Tennessee) and William Raulston (the earliest known paternal ancestor of Mitchell Raulston born around 1790 in Tennessee). I know very little about Stephen or Mitchell’s lines. Samuel/Louise Hamilton’s Roulstons Louise Roulston Hamilton is the Donegal Branch’s primary current family genealogist and still lives in the area (her family’s Y-DNA tester is Samuel Roulston). Marla and I were fortunate to meet Louise when we were in Ulster in 2021. She showed us around the Corncamble area of County Donegal, to include several graveyards full of her Roulstons, and took us to meet a couple of her Roulston cousins who still farm there. Louise’s relative Alexander (Lex) Roulston’s 1998 paper “The Roulstons of Co. Donegal Ireland” is the primary known history about her County Donegal Roulstons overall. Lex writes that the earliest known paternal ancestor of these Roulstons was a James Rollston/Rolston who died in 1852, not 1854 as Lex had written (per a notice of his funeral that Louise Hamilton had found) and was buried in Taughboyne in County Donegal. When and where James was born is unknown. Louise believes he was likely born during the 1770s given his wife was born around 1777. He first rented the Corncamble farm in 1834. Family stories from Lex’s cousins claimed James came from Ballymoney in County Antrim and descended from one of five brothers who came from Paisley, Scotland. As discussed in the body of this paper, there are records of Ralstons living in Ballymoney from the 1600s through the mid 1800s. However, paid research on my behalf by the Ulster Historical Foundation was not able to establish a connection to the Ballymoney Ralstons. Lex seems to speculate these Roulstons may be related from one of the Ralstons who lived on the Earl of Abercorn’s estate in County Donegal listed in a 1794 tenant list (see Chapter II of this paper for those names), reflecting my own speculation on all I-M223 Ralstons. The Presbyterian faith of these early Roulstons would be consistent with a Scottish heritage, as discussed elsewhere. Joseph Robert Rolleston’s paper “The Story of John Rolleston & Jane McMaster: An Irish Duo,” 1987,” about some of Dr. William 108

Roulston’s maternal Rolleston line (summarized elsewhere in this Appendix) speculates the Donegal Roulstons may be tied to the main Scottish Ralston clan: "Legend has it that the Corncamble Roulstons came to Ireland from Fife, Scotland probably in the late 1700’s, but the link has not been traced.” The paper also notes that these Roulstons fled Scotland to escape religious persecution, presumably of the Covenanters. As this paper describes in Appendix III in more detail, William Ralston (Ralston clan leader at the time) was a senior leader of the Covenanters and basically fled to the Kintyre peninsula in part to escape their persecution once the Stuart line was back on the English throne (the Covenanters had resisted/fought against the Stuart line's attempts to put the new Scottish Presbyterian church under the king's control ala the Church of England). However, as also noted in this paper, it appears the Scottish Ralston clan were from the R-M269 haplogroup, not our I- M223 haplogroup. If true, no I-M223 Ralstons like these of County Donegal, could have directly descended from the main Ralston clan. However, as also discussed elsewhere, it is very possible they were associated with the main Ralston clan in some way and eventually adopted the surname, were adopted, or was a product of an out of wedlock birth. As listed in the graph above from Lex’s paper, James and his wife Margaret had at least four sons and 39 grandchildren. His four sons in chronological order included: 109

 Joseph had a farm in Lossett. Of his 14 children, five emigrated to New Zealand’s South Island around Milton and the Otago region at different times during the 1860s-70s and four to Pennsylvania in the 1880s. Three of his sons became dairy farmers at 55 th and Elmwood near Bartrams Gardens, Philadelphia (many family members are buried at Mt. Moriah Cemetery). His daughter Annie emigrated to Philadelphia in 1890 and married into the Gorman family in New Jersey.  David (Lex’s paternal ancestor) inherited the farm in Corncamble. In 1891, his son Alexander (who had inherited the Corncamble farm from David) purchased the Creve farm while selling the Corncamble farm to his brother John James, which was occupied during the 1990s by John’s two grandsons John James and William Arthur. Two of David’s seven children (David and Robert) emigrated to the United States during the 1880s and a third (Rebecca) to Canada.  John had a farm at Drummlocher. While Lex has little information about his many descendants, Louise has traced a few of them and at least two of the sons left for Ameri.  Robert, Louise Roulston Hamilton’s paternal ancestor who purchased a 39 acre farm in Gortree in 1841. His two eldest sons James and Henry emigrated to Australia. Henry arrived in the Victoria state of Australia in 1870. His descendants still own several thousand acres of land around Myola. James arrived in 1879, first joined his brother, but then became a baker in the Rushworth district. Robert’s third son Robert inherited the Gortree farm. The younger Robert had seven children and thirty grandchildren. While his youngest son Tom Henry emigrated to Leeton, New South Wales Australia in 1926, most of the rest and their descendants have remained in County Donegal to the present. One of Robert’s sons John settled on the Lusticle farm down the road from Gortree. Louise recently wrote me that she may have discovered a fifth son of James, but is still investigating. A Bob Quigley, who took a Y-DNA test at 67 markers, has a paternal ancestor named James Roulston of Mongorry, Raphoe. Louise suspects that James may be an additional son of the earliest known paternal ancestor James. Louise also has autosomal DNA matches with Bob. In his paper, Lex also noted he had been in touch with other Roulston families who may be related given their County Donegal roots, but he had not been able to prove as of his paper’s publication:  Roulstons of The Raws parish farm in County Donegal near Castlefin and The Raw House in County Tyrone: A listing of Electors of County Donegal 1761-1776 included Joseph and Robert Ralston of The Raws. While many of their descendants emigrated to the United States and Canada, some still farm there after more than a dozen generations. There are additional Roulstons who built a “Raw House” in Omagh in County Tyrone with some descendants emigrating to the United States, England, and New Zealand. Lex 110

believes that given the name of the properties are nearly identical, these Roulstons are likely tied to the Roulstons of The Raws.  Roulstons of Ballycanlon, County Donegal: According to Robert L. Roulston, his grandfather Alexander E. Roulston was born in Ballycanlon in 1848 and emigrated to Philadelphia in 1868. Lex wrote that the only connection his Roulstons may have with this family is that his “grandmother’s sister Margaret McDowell was the first wife of Alexander’s brother Robert Roulston.”  Roulstons of Upper Cavan, Stranolar, County Donegal: According to Alton Roulston of Pukekohe, New Zealand, his grandfather James was born in 1839 in Stranolar, emigrated to Australia in 1861 and then on to New Zealand in 1865. He took over the Pukekohe hotel and started a stud farm that produced numerous first class racehorses. Lex’s paper includes a detailed list of the descendants of all these families. While not documented or verified, several other known Roulston families of the Ralston Y-DNA group with roots in County Donegal are likely tied to these Ralstons. One is Brian Roulston, who descends from Samuel (born 1852), who emigrated to 111

New Zealand, William (born 1820), and David (born during the 1770s-80s in Raphoe, County Donegal). Brian is Alana Pidgeon’s uncle. Yet another possible descendant of these Roulstons is Melanie Ralston Gillespie, who maintains a Ralston/Emmons Family Tree on Ancestry.com. She claims to descend from a Joseph Ralston born around 1808 in “Ireland,” married Mary Wasson (1812-1893), and died in 1857. This line of descent:  Joseph Ralston (c.1808-1857). Born in Ireland, married Mary Wasson (1812- 1893), also born in Ireland. Melanie believes they are the same Ralstons in the 1851 and 1861 Scotland censuses living in West Arthurlie in Renfrewshire. His family later emigrated to the United States in 1869.  James Ralston (1847-1897). Born in Ireland, married Isabella Fulton (1850- 1888). Presumably he emigrated to the United States with his mother in 1869.  Joseph F. Ralston (1874-1955). Married Mary Jane Moffit (1884-1972).  James Fulton Ralston (1912-1939). Married Carolyn Drew (1914-1958).  James Richard Ralston (1935-2017). Married Kay Carole Emmons (1938- 2017). Louise Hamilton suspects Melanie’s Joseph and Mary came from Ardagh, a townland outside St. Johnston in County Donegal based on two baptism certificates from St. Johnston Presbyterian church for Isabella in 1840 and William in 1843, which tie in with years of birth for two of Joseph's children. The transcript record for Isabella states she was born 6 June 1840 and baptised 27 June 1840 to parents Joseph Roulston and Mary Wason of Ardagh. The record for William states he was born 15 January 1843 and baptised 22 January 1843 to parents Joseph Roulston and Nancy Wason, Ardagh. She notes that the minister in St. Johnston church was notorious for getting forenames wrong. Louise also notes there was also a Samuel Wason, farmer, recorded in the Tithe Applotment books in 1830 in the neighbouring townland of Trentamucklagh. As Samuel was one of the first children born to Joseph and Mary, she suspects he was likely the father of Mary. Louise viewed the death record of Joseph who died 1857 in Scotlands People, which states his father was William Roulston and mother Helen Roulston (maiden name). William and Eleanor are also names that feature in Joseph's children and it so happens that there was indeed a William Roulston and Eleanor/ Ellen Roulston (was also her maiden name) in the same area who would fit as parents of Joseph. They were named as parents in the marriage records for two sisters in St. Johnston Presbyterian church. They could potentially be siblings of Melanie’s ancestor, Joseph. One of the sisters also moved to Scotland with her husband. 112

LINE 1C: DESCENDANTS OF “PCA c.1650” PCA c1650 was very likely another son of PCA c.1625 and brother to both PCA c.1660 (progenitor of our Line 1A) and Mr. Y162146 (progenitor of Line 1B). In turn, this PCA c.1650 was the progenitor of at least two distinct lines: 1. That of Henry McCalvin Ralston, born in 1822 in Ohio (who is the earliest known paternal ancestor of Vaughn Ralston and Chuck and John Rolston) 2. That of Mr. FG17763, who in turn was the progenitor of two lines: (1) that of new Y-DNA tester Jack Ralston; and (2) of Mr. FTH68286 born around 1720, paternal ancestor of William S. Ralston (earliest known paternal ancestor of Samuel Warren Ralston) and David Roulston (earliest known paternal ancestor of Jim Roulston of Dr. William Roulston’s maternal line). Robert Vaughn’s Ralstons and Chuck and John’s Rolstons : Robert Vaughn, Chuck, and John Ralston all descend from a Henry McCalvin Ralston (1822-1908) born in Muskingum, Ohio and married to Mariah Hagerman. There is speculation that Henry’s father may have been a John H. Ralston born in Pennsylvania in 1795 and married to Rachel Forst. But that connection has not been proven to my knowledge. Matthew Ralston maintains a seemingly well researched “Rolston Family Tree” of Henry’s descendants on Ancestry.com. Mr. FG17763’s Ralstons: Jack’s Ralstons: I currently do not know anything about this line. Mr. FTH68286’s Ralstons: Samuel Warren’s Ralstons: Samuel Warren Ralston’s earliest known paternal ancestor is a William S. Ralston born in Belfast, County Antrim, in 1815, emigrated to the United States in 1833, lived in Union, Ohio, married Sarah McCune Abraham from Virginia, had a dozen children, and by 1870 was living in Iowa, where he died in 1890. His descendants who were Lonnie’s paternal ancestry lived in Ohio, Kansas, and Colorado before ending up in Texas by the early 1900s. Eileen Hope maintains a seemingly well researched family tree on Ancestry.com of these Ralstons called “Ralston Family Tree 2016_2017-05-12.” 113

Jim’s Roulstons (Dr. William Roulston’s Maternal Line) In an email to me, Dr. William Roulston noted that his maternal grandmother was also a Roulston. She was from Carricknamanna, Donaghmore Parish in County Donegal. He has been able to document that paternal line back in time as follows:  David Roulston (c.1774-1866)  David Roulston (c.1813-1906)  David Roulston (1846-1930)  James Roulston (1877-1962)  David Roulston (1914-1970) Dr. Roulston notes that David 1774’s father may have been a David Roulston listed as a freeholder in Carricknamanna in 1768, but that has not been proven. This David may have been the same as the David Ralston who appears in the 1766 Religious Census for Donaghmore. As a Seceder, he probably belonged to the congregation now known as Carnone. During the 1980s, Joseph Robert Rolleston wrote the paper, “The Story of John Rolleston & Jane McMaster: An Irish Duo.” It mostly documents John (son of David c.1813) Rolleston’s emigration to Australia during the 1860s and his life there. However, it does include some of its own speculations about the origins of this Rolleston family. Interestly, the paper reflected their belief at the time that, like my own Rolleston family, they likely descended from the English Rollestons as opposed to the Scottish Ralstons (who are mentioned in the paper as being tied to Louise Roulston Hamilton’s Roulstons of Corncamble, County Donegal – described elsewhere in this Appendix). It goes on to suggest that this assumed tie to the English Rollestons may have been the reason John changed the spelling of his name to “Rolleston” after he arrived in Australia. However, Y-DNA testing (with Jim Roulston providing the DNA) has clearly demonstrated Dr. Roulstons maternal Roulston family descended from the same paternal ancestor as his paternal Roulstons, who were very likely Scots. 114

LINE 2 - Descendants of William Rolstone of Colonial Virginia: Line 2 comprises of the descendants of so-called “William of Virginia,” the earliest known I-M223 Ralston that has been identified through records (born around 1708) and progenitor of perhaps the largest Ralston family in America today, to include the lines of Richard Southard, James R. Ralston (sister Jan is their genealogist), Gordon Rolston (the primary family genealogist of this line), John and Richard Moote, Roland Douglas Ralston, Anthony W. Ralston, Jerald W. Ralston, R. Ralston, Daniel L Roulston, 203 as well as Richard and John Moote 204 . Ed Ralston’s SAPP Analysis also predicts with high confidence that Richard Southard’s line, who apparently descends from a James Miller likely born in the 1870s, also descends from William. Gordon Rolston, a member of the Ralston Y-DNA Group, wrote a detailed genealogy of William’s descendants in 2009 entitled "Rolston, Rolstone, and Ralston Families of Augusta and Rockingham Counties of Virginia and Their Descendants.” 205 He also maintains a Facebook group called "The Rolston families of Virginia," where he regularly posts interesting and detailed information about individual Ralstons from this family. Y-DNA matches Gerald Ralston and James R. Ralston (via his sister Jan) maintain substantial family trees associated with this Ralston line on Ancestry.com. There are conflicting theories and information about this William of Virginia’s ancestry, although most strongly suggest Scottish ancestry. First, several published Ralston genealogies claim this William of Virginia was the grandson of John Raulston, a Scottish merchant born in 1653 who served under Captain Wadsworth during King Phillip’s War, arrived in Boston prior to 1676, and died in Boston in 1717. 206 One of those sources claims William of Virginia’s father 203 Interestingly, according to the trees they posted on FamilyTreeDNA.com, these five current Ralston/Rolston descendants of William each descended from a different son of William: Daniel Lee from Matthew, Gordon from David, James from John, Robert from William, and Jerry from Samuel). 204 According to John Moote (via email): “Long story short, grandpa Ralph Marsden Moote was adopted by Jake and Rosella Moote. We knew his birth mother, Sadie Randall. We suspected Jake and Rosella Moote had adopted him because Jake was grandpa’s true birth father. Enter recent y-DNA testing, a small rural town and a young nephew of a Randall neighbor named Rolston! Turns out the Mootes were just a kind, childless couple.” Their family tree claims descent from a David Rolston, born 1844 in Ohio, who in turn descended from William of Virginia’s son William. 205 A link to this report is at: https://www.ancestry.com/mediaui-viewer/tree/112338923/person/430096883646/media/06498ae8-e570- 4763-a696-07cdb954fde7 . 206 Another Ralston family genealogist Michael William Ralston, writing in the Ralston genealogy Facebook group, believes the Boston Roulstons descended from a John from Glasgow, not Paisley (though they are located nearby). If so, question would seem to be whether these Glasgow Ralstons are associated with the main Ralston clan of Scotland. It may also be the case the Bostonian Raulstons descended from the Raltons, who are originally from around Glasgow. 115

moved from Boston via Pennsylvania to Augusta County Virginia around 1710. 207 In addition, Robert O. Ralston (descendant of William of Virginia) writes he has some autosomal DNA matches with people who had Rowlson/ Rowlston/Rolstone ancestors in New England, suggesting potential links to the Bostonian Roulstons. 208 Robert is also attempting to get a descendant of the Bostonian Raulstons to take a Y- DNA test. Robert’s RRalston_Ancestry/Tree is at Ancestry.com. Family genealogist Gordon Rolston, however, questions the source those published Ralston genealogies use (a handwritten genealogy in a family Bible, a common source of family genealogies) to claim William's connection to this Boston Roulston family. He argues various data points do not add up to support that connection. In his paper detailing the descendants of William, he summarizes: “After much research, there seems to be no evidence of William Rolstone being a descendant of the Boston, Mass. Rolestone family line.” He adds: “During the early history of Augusta County, Virginia, there are a number of Rolston-Ralston families for which there are uncertain ties to this genealogy. “John Ralston” has been of particular interest, and some have speculated that he is John Rolstone, Jr., father of William Rolstone, Sr.. However, the late dates in which he appears in the records do not favor this theory. It is now believed that this John Ralston is not the father of William, but more likely a son as he is shown here. The county records record that John Ralston gave power of attorney to his brother William. The date of this power of attorney was after the death of the senior William. William (Jr.), Samuel, Matthew and John are shown here as sons of William Rolstone (Sr.). Those familiar with the will of William Rolstone, Sr. are aware that he only named two of his children, David and Robert, in his will.” 209 Recently, Gordon also wrote the following in his Facebook group “The Rolston Families of Virginia” that goes into more detail about why he is doubtful John Roulston of the Boston Roulstons is William of Virginia’s father as asserted in Leonard Raulston’s research: 207 Clarence M. Raulston, Jr., The Raulstons of Red River County (Fort Worth, Texas: Historical Publishers Inc., 1973), pp. 11-12. Clarence thanks J. Leonard Raulston (who wrote two books about this Raulston/Ralston family) in his credits for helping him with early Ralston family history. 208 These include ValJean Wright (MyHeritage, valjeanwright on Ancestry) Jeri Forsha (MyHeritage, FTDNA), and R.A. managed by marilyn_moreland (Ancestry). Importantly, Jeri Forsha shares DNA with another of Robert’s matches, Ann Tockstein (MyHeritage), who is a descendant of Mary Margaret Rolston, wife of Robert Styles Hannaand daughter of my ancestors David John Rolston & Susannah Matthews). 209 Gordon Rolston, a member of the Ralston Y-DNA Group, wrote a detailed genealogy of William’s descendants in 2009 entitled "Rolston, Rolstone, and Ralston Families of Augusta and Rockingham Counties of Virginia and Their Descendants.” Link at: https://www.ancestry.com/mediaui-viewer/tree/112338923/person/430096883646/media/06498ae8-e570- 4763-a696-07cdb954fde7 . 116

“I'm not sure where it began that our William was the son of John Rolstone/Roulston of Boston. Perhaps it began with the book from J. Leonard Roulston. It would have been interesting to see his research and sources. I made an attempt some years ago to reach one of Leonard's descendants but got no reply. The next time I pass through South Pittsburg, Tennessee, perhaps I'll make a stop to see if the local library might have some of his materials other than copies of his books. I did my own research on John Rolstone/Roulstone and found no evidence of our William as his son. John's early life is fairly well documented but become blurred when it comes to his final years. I thought I'd share my findings from various sources on John. John Rolestone/Roulstone (Jr./II) was born July 28, 1684 in Boston, Suffolk County, Massachusetts, the second of five children known to have been born to John Rolestone (Rowlston) and Mary Mercy Bumstead. By some accounts, his surname was Roulston. John married Dorothy Nicholson on March 9, 1707 in Boston, Suffolk County, Massachusetts. John and Dorothy are believed to have had six children. The first child attributed to the couple is William. Unlike the other five known children, there is no record of the birth or baptism as was found with the remaining five children. The first recorded child, Mercy, was born in 1710, three years after their marriage. It is very probable that there was a child born prior to Mercy, but it is unknown, or confirmed, if this first child was indeed named William, or that this William is the William found in August County, Virginia, in the early 1750's. There is also the possibility that they first child died before it could be baptized. John moved his family to Rehoboth, Bristol County, Massachusetts, where they resided from about 1713 to sometime after 1719. On November 21, 1717, John Roulstone is named in the Rehoboth Town Meetings {Book II, pp. 164-167} as one of many residents subscribing to pay 100 pounds towards the building of a new meeting house. Also among the subscribers was one Mary (Peck) Butterworth. It was later discovered that she led a successful counterfeiting operation there in Rehoboth that began in 1716. The operation was not brought to an end until 1723. John was not among those named as participating in this crime. Boston records of 1724 list John Roulston "who dismissed himself" from the position of Watchman. A later list of city officials lists John Roulston as the "purchaser of grain" from 1743 to 1744. Another Boston city record of city officials, dated May 2, 1744, lists John Roulston as a gravedigger; however, this could be his son John. Where John moved his family after leaving Rehoboth is uncertain, but as two of his children, a 117

son and a daughter, would marry in Boston in 1738 and 1739, it seems that he returned to Boston for some period of time. There is no record of John's death in Boston. John is believed, by some, to have moved sometime before 1742 from Massachusetts to that part of Augusta County near Fincastle that would later become Botetourt County, Virginia. He is said to have died there in Staunton, Virginia in 1744, yet another researcher claims he died that same year in Kentucky. No documentation has been found to support either claim. Of interest to the Rolstone Family Genealogy is a proposed date and place of birth for William Rolstone. It has been publicized that their son William was born in 1715 in Bedford County, Virginia. [Bedford County was formed from Lunenburg County by an act passed December 13, 1753, to take effect on 10 May 1754. Lunenburg County formed 1746 from Brunswick County. Brunswick County was formed in 1720 from Prince George but, because of the sparse population, county government was not organized until 1732. As such, if the birth information is correct, William would have been born in Prince George County, Virginia, formed in 1703.] The birth of William in Virginia seems unlikely as siblings Thomas and Mary, born either side of 1715, were both born in Rehoboth, Massachusetts. A birth of 1715 would also imply that son William married Eleanor and had their first child at the age of 17. It is a rare event to have a son marry at age 17. If, however, William, son of John and Dorothy was born in 1715, their William may not be the William found in Augusta County, Virginia in 1750. Of additional interest is a second reference to William as the son of John and Dorothy that gives his marriage, spouse not identified, as 1741 and his date of death as 1764. Should both of these prove correct, it would eliminate the William Rolstone of Augusta County, Virginia as the son of John Rolstone and Dorothy Nicholson. John is reported to have settled on the James River near Richmond in the early 1740's removing from Boston, Massachusetts. I had a chance to personally review Leonard Raulston’s genealogy research at the University of Tennessee, Chattanooga library’s special collections in December 2024. 210 My goal was to see if Leonard had any sources in his files (as he did not use citations in his books and papers on the Ralstons) that proved William of Virginia descended from the colonial Boston Roulstons as he asserted – or anyone else for that matter. What I found seemed to confirm Gordon’s position as I could not find 210 Leonard’s Ralston family geneaology content at the University of Tennessee, Chattanooga library (mostly handwritten notes and correspondence) were in five marked folders (marked “Genealogies: Raulston Family) in box MS-035 033 (“J Leonard Raulston collection”) as well as a selection of original documents, such as wills, in box MS-022. 118

any sources that conclusively proved William descended from the Boston Roulstons. One typed sheet asserting that William descended from John of the Boston Roulstons did list a source on the page: “Compendium of American Genealogy,” which I have not had the chance to review yet. Notably, the large poster sized handwritten family tree that Leonard (or someone on his behalf) drew stops at William of Virginia, perhaps suggesting that Leonard was unsure of that connection. In addition to the question of whether William of Virginia descends from the Boston Roulstones at all, Ed Ralston recently found a source that questions whether the Boston Roulstons were Scottish as many earlier Ralston genealogists claim. George Roulston, who was Tennessee’s first printer, the first postmaster of Knoxville, one of the first trustees of what became the University of Tennessee, and publisher of the first newspaper west of the Appalachians, is widely believed to be a descendant of the Boston Roulstones. The source, an article about George, claims the Boston Roulstones are a “collateral branch” of the English Devereux family as opposed to descending from the Scottish Ralstons: Of George Roulstone's antecedents but little can be learned, although one of his descendants, Mr. James M. Bourne, who died November, 1906, left behind a mass of historical material regarding the Roulstone family. This material does not at the present appear to be accessible. Nevertheless I learn from members of the family that he was originally from Massachusetts, going from there to North Carolina in order to establish a press at Fayetteville. The Roulstone, or Rawlston, family of New England is a collateral branch of the English family of Devereux, through which they claim descent from "time honoured Lancaster," old John of Gaunt. 211 Unfortunately, it is not clear there are any living male descendants of the Boston Roulstons alive today to take a Y-DNA test to help resolve the mystery of the their origins and help establish whether William of Virginia descended from them or not. Second , James R. Ralston’s (descendant of William of Virginia) fourth great- grandfather William Thomas Ralston, born in 1759, was the oldest son of a John (considered a son of William of Virginia as Augusta County court records show him as a brother of William of Virginia’s son William and Agnes Ralston). 212 One source contends that this John emigrated to the area of Fredericksburg, Virginia around 1740 (when he was young, presumably with his father William of Virginia) from County Londonderry in Ulster and was originally from 211 Edwin Wiley, “EIGHTEENTH CENTURY PRESSES IN TENNESSEE,” Proceedings and Papers (Bibliographical Society of America), Vol. 2 (1907-1908), The University of Chicago Press, pp. 70-83. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24306279 . 212 Of note, this William Thomas served with his brother Henry and father John in Captain Dickey’s Company at the Battle of Yorktown. 119

Scotland. 213 If correct, this story seems most consistent with what we know to date about the I-M223 Ralstons overall as compiled in this paper. However, as the footnote describes, there are questions about the information from this source as well. Third, a 1908 article about Illinois state politician James Harvey Ralston, who Ed Ralston said many believe descended from the same John Ralston son of William of Virginia, claims James Harvey’s families emigrated from Ulster, were Scots-Irish from Scotland, and traced their descent directly to the main Ralston clan of Scotland. 214 Of course, as discussed in detail elsewhere in this paper, Y-DNA testing suggests the I-M223 Ralstons did not directly descend from the Scottish Clan, but available information does suggest the I-M223 Ralstons were likely associated with the main Ralston clan and adopted the surname at some point. In any case, William and his son John established a plantation just outside of Trinity, Virginia just north of Roanoke in Botetourt County during the mid-1700s. 215 Robert Looney had established his homestead there in 1742, when it was the westernmost point of European settlement at the time. Eventually James Patton owned the land and established a plantation called Cherry Tree Bottom. Patton, born in Ulster and immigrated to America in 1738, had secured numerous land grants in the Shenandoah Valley and Southwest Virginia, and bought and sold land throughout the region. Apparently, William Roulston and his son John settled in the area around 1743, consistent with the time period in which the colonial government of Virginia was offering significant incentives to speculators and settlers to encourage settlement. John Ralston bought 435 acres of Patton’s land Estate just east of Trinity, Virginia just northeast of Roanoke according to page 37, 2 September 1751 in “Chalkey’s.” William’s son Matthew sold the land in 1789. 216 213 The information presented here combines the consistent information presented in two sources. The first is a written correspondence between Marty Hansen and Bruce Ralston back in 1983 that cites research by Mrs. Merle Harris of Cedar Rapids, Iowa gathered over a 20 year period. Mr. Hansen does note in his cover letter to Bruce that he believes some of Ms. Harris’s information may have confused the John Ralston and son (presumably William) with other John Ralstons of that period. The second is an entry for William Ralston in Power, John Carroll, History of the early settlers of Sangamon County, Illinois : "centennial record". Springfield, Ill.: E.A. Wilson & Co., 1876, p. 591. 214 Dr. J.F. Snyder, “Forgotten Statesman of Illinois,” Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society for the Year 1908. 215 Botetourt County was created from part of Augusta County in 1770. For location maps of this Virginia estate, see: http://myralstonfamily.com/My%20Ralston%20Family%20page%202.html . This website also summarizes the movement of Ralston descendants of William across the Midwest. For overall history of this area’s settlement, see: https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/pdf_files/SpecialCollections/BO-059_Botetourt_Architectural_Survey_2008_R eport.pdf . See J. Leonard Raulston and James W. Livingood, Sequatchie: A Story of the Southern Cumberlands (Univ. of Tennessee Press: Knoxville, 1974), 247; J. Leonard Raulston, The Raulstons and the Part They Played in American History (Raulston, South Pittsburg, TN: 1970), and https://www.werelate.org/wiki/Person:John_Ralston_%285%29 , and https://web.botetourtva.gov/bacs/mdocuments-library/ for more information regarding the Raulston plantation at the Looney Mill Creek estate. 216 The neighboring Greenfield Plantation owned by Col. William Preston is today the Botetourt Center at Greenfield, a mixed use industrial/business complex with about 30 acres set aside as a Preservation Area. This area includes several original slave quarters of the plantation, which were moved there from less than a mile away. Marla and I visited both the former Ralston land and the Greenfield Plantation in 2021. 120